<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442022000100173</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v70i1.47407</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and alternative protocols for lower cost, large-scale COVID-19 testing: lessons from an emerging economy]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle de transcripción inversa y protocolos alternativos para pruebas COVID-19 a gran escala y de bajo costo: lecciones de una economía emergente]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura-Ulate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ismael]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolívar-González]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alejandro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madrigal-Redondo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Germán]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nuñez-Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Santiago]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gatica-Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Facultad de Farmacia Instituto de Investigaciones en Farmacia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Illinois Informatics and National Center for Supercomputing Applications ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Champaign Illinois]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología Laboratorio Biotecnología de Plantas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>70</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>173</fpage>
<lpage>189</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100173&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100173&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442022000100173&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Most successful cases of COVID-19 pandemic mitigation and handling have relied on extensive reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). However, many emerging economies have struggled with current molecular testing demands due to economic, technical and technological constraints.  Objective:  To define a potential diagnostic protocol to increase testing capacity in current and post-pandemic conditions.  Methods:  We reviewed the literature, patents and commercial applications, for alternatives.  Results:  We found a good potential in saliva samples, viral inactivation and quick RNA extraction by heating; the use of an isothermal technology such as loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and naked eye test-result visualization by in-tube colorimetry or turbidity.  Conclusions:  Saliva samples with quick RNA extraction by heating and colorimetric LAMP are promising options for countries with economic and infrastructure limitations.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La mayoría de los casos exitosos de mitigación y manejo de la pandemia de COVID-19 se han dado mediante pruebas basadas en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa cuantitativa (RT-qPCR por sus siglas en inglés). Sin embargo, muchas economías emergentes han tenido problemas con las demandas actuales de pruebas moleculares debido a limitaciones económicas, técnicas y tecnológicas.  Objetivo:  Definir un protocolo de diagnóstico potencial para aumentar la capacidad de prueba en las condiciones actuales y posteriores a la pandemia.  Métodos:  Revisamos la literatura, las patentes y las aplicaciones comerciales, en busca de alternativas.  Resultados:  Encontramos un buen potencial en muestras de saliva, inactivación viral y extracción rápida de ARN por calentamiento; el uso de una tecnología isotérmica como la amplificación isotérmica mediada por horquillas (LAMP, por sus siglas en inglés) y la visualización del resultado de la prueba a simple vista mediante colorimetría o turbidez en el tubo.  Conclusiones:  Las muestras de saliva con extracción rápida de ARN por calentamiento y LAMP colorimétrico son opciones prometedoras para países con limitaciones económicas y de infraestructura.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[emerging economies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[molecular testing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[saliva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[loop mediated isothermal amplification.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[economías emergentes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pruebas moleculares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SARS-CoV-2]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[saliva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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