<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442021000500346</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v69isuppl.1.46366</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Moving forward in the ethical consideration of invertebrates in experimentation: Beyond the Three R&#8217;s Principle]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Avanzando sobre la consideración ética de los invertebrados en experimentación: más allá del principio de las tres Rs]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crespi-Abril]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Augusto-C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rubilar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tamara]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional del a Patagonia San Juan Bosco  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Chubut]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>69</volume>
<fpage>346</fpage>
<lpage>357</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000500346&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000500346&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000500346&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  The Three R´s Principle (Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement), postulated more than 60 years ago, is the main ethical framework currently applied for conducting animal research. This principle has never been reviewed applying a philosophical reflection during all of these years, even though a variety of animal ethics studies have presented new insights. The Three R´s Principle was designed to be used as a policy tool to ameliorate the suffering of animals and to reduce the use of animals in research, but has failed in achieving these goals. This principle is only applied when using sentience vertebrates, and fails to consider invertebrates as their capacity to sentience is still disputed. In this way, invertebrates are reified, which has been determined to be detrimental as their suffering has been consistently denied. As a consequence, new insights are necessary to improve scientific practices. Epistemology and ethics have always been viewed as opposing approaches. ´Epistemology-based Ethics&#8217; subordinate ethical concern to scientific facts and &#8216;Ethics-based Epistemology&#8217; purports that ethical practice should guide epistemological practices.  Objective:  In this paper, we maintain that unifying both approaches under a broader conceptual framework may result in the view that these are not, actually, opposite approaches. We propose to progress beyond the Three R&#8217;s Principle and extend it to a position equal to the level of the ethical and epistemological approaches. We also propose to use the Precautionary Principle as it is always better to be safe than sorry, and to include two more Rs.  Methods:  This paper is based on the analysis of different ethical frameworks used in biology and ecology that can be implemented in invertebrates experimentation.  Results:  The analysis revealed that different ethical approaches are frequently used in biological research, but not all of them are implemented in experimental research that involves invertebrates. We argue that the ethical considerations used in any research field can be implemented in invertebrate research.  Conclusion:  We propose a Five R´s Principle: the traditional Refinement, Reduction, and Replacement, used along with Respect and Responsibility (a respectful relationship with every living being regardless of its complexity and personal commitment to conscientiously apply ethics concepts).]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El Principio de las Tres R (Refinamiento, Reducción y Reemplazo), postulado hace más de 60 años, es el principal marco ético que se aplica actualmente para realizar investigaciones en animales. Este principio no ha sido revisado desde una reflexión filosófica a pesar de tantos años y de lavariedad de estudios en ética animal que han presentado nuevas ideas. Este principio solo se aplica cuando se utilizan vertebrados sintientes, y no tiene en cuenta a los invertebrados, ya que su capacidad de sentiencia aún está cuestinada. De esta manera, los invertebrados son cosificados, lo que ha sido en su detrimento ya que su sufrimiento ha sido constantemente negado. El Principio de las Tres R fue diseñado para ser utilizado como una herramienta de política para mejorar el sufrimiento de los animales y reducir el uso de animales en la investigación, pero no ha logrado alcanzar estos objetivos. Como consecuencia, se necesitan nuevas ideas para mejorar las prácticas científicas. La epistemología y la ética siempre se han visto como enfoques opuestos. La concepción ética subordinada de a los hechos científicos se llama &#8220;Ética basada en la epistemología&#8221; y, en cambio, la &#8220;Epistemología basada en la ética&#8221; pretende que la práctica ética guie las prácticas epistemológicas.  Objetivo:  En este trabajo, proponemos que unificar ambos enfoques bajo un marco conceptual más amplio y eliminar la percepción de que son enfoques opuestos. Proponemos avanzar más allá del Principio de las Tres R , extenderlo y colocar un mismo nivel a los enfoques éticos y epistemológicos. También proponemos utilizar el Principio de precaución, ya que siempre es mejor prevenir que curar e incluir dos R más.  Métodos:  El trabajo está basado en un análisis de diferentes corrientes éticas utilizadas en biología y ecología que pueden ser implementadas en la experimentación con invertebrados.  Resultados:  El análisis de los trabajos reveló que hay diferentes posturas éticas que se usan frecuentemente en biología, pero no todas ellas son implementadas en la experimentación con invertebrados. Bajos nuestra argumentación sostenemos que las consideraciones éticas usadas en cualquier campo de investigación puede ser implementada en la experimentación con invertebrados.  Conclusión:  De esta manera, proponemos un Principio de las Cinco R: Refinamiento, Reducción, Reemplazo para ser usados junto con el Respeto y la Responsabilidad (una relación respetuosa con cada ser vivo independientemente de su complejidad y un compromiso personal de aplicar conscientemente los conceptos éticos).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[five R´s Principle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[responsibility]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[respect]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[precautionary principle]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[animal ethics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[principio de las Cinco R]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[responsabilidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[respeto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[principio de precaución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[epistemología]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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