<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442021000300797</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v69i3.46054</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Floral ontogeny and anatomy of the hemiparasitic shrub Gaiadendron punctatum and a comparison of floral characters in the tribes Gaiadendrinae and Nuytsiae (Loranthaceae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ontogenia floral y anatomía del arbusto hemiparasítico Gaiadendron punctatum y comparación de caracteres florales en las tribus Gaiadendrinae y Nuytsiae (Loranthaceae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Suárez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hernán-Darío]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robayo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Camila]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marquínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Xavier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Raz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Lauren]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Bogotá D.C.]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Instituto de Ciencias Naturales]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Bogotá D.C.]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>797</fpage>
<lpage>810</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000300797&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000300797&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000300797&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introducction: Gaiadendron punctatum is a hemiparasitic species of Loranthaceae (Tribe Gaiadendreae) that is widely distributed in mountainous regions of Central and South America. Embryological and phylogenetic studies in the family indicate a trend towards reduction of the gynoecium and ovules, the morphology of which supports the current circumscription of Tribe Gaiadendreae (Gaiadendron and Atkinsonia). Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Nuytsia, Atkinsonia and Gaiadendron diverged successively, forming a grade at the base of the Loranthaceae, but support values are low.  Objetive:  In the present study, the floral anatomy of Gaiadendron punctatum was investigated in order to provide additional data to permit comparisons among the three basal-most genera in the Loranthaceae and reevaluate their relationships.  Methods:  Flowers of G. punctatum were collected at different developmental stages and serial sections were prepared and analyzed by light microscopy.  Results:  Inflorescence development is acropetal; the flowers are bisexual with an inferior ovary surmounted by a calyculus, a ring-shaped structure lacking vascular tissue; the ovary is comprised of seven basal locules, each with an ategmic, tenuinucellate ovule. Above the locules is a mamelon that is fused with the adjacent tissues. The androecium is comprised of seven epipetalous stamens, the anthers with fibrous endothecium dehiscence through a single longitudinal slit, releasing tricolpated pollen.  Conclusions:  The results of this study show that Gaiadendron and Atkinsonia share versatile, dorsifixed anthers, while Gaiadendron and Nuytsia share the same mode of anther dehiscence. On the other hand, Gaiadendron shares with members of Tribe Elytrantheae an amyliferous mamelon and an unvascularized calyculus. Combined phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data are desirable to determine whether Tribe Gaiadendreae comprises a clade, a grade or if the two genera are more distantly related.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: Gaiadendron punctatum es una especie hemiparásita perteneciente a uno de los tres géneros basales de la familia Loranthaceae, siendo los otros dos Nuytsia y Atkinsonia. El género está conformado por dos especies distribuidas en regiones montañosas de Sudamérica y Centroamérica. Tanto los estudios embriológicos, como los filogenéticos, indican una tendencia hacia la reducción del gineceo y de los óvulos en la familia, cuya morfología respalda la circunscripción de la tribu Gaiadendreae (Gaiadendron y Atkinsonia). Estudios filogenéticos moleculares sugieren que Nuytsia, Atkinsonia y Gaiadendron divergieron sucesivamente, formando un grado en la base de la familia Loranthaceae, pero los valores en los que se sustenta son bajos.  Objetivo:  En el presente trabajo se describe la anatomía floral de la especie Gaiadendron punctatum con el objetivo de complementar la información embriológica, de manera que se pueda comparar directamente la morfología floral y los caracteres embriológicos entre los tres géneros basales de la familia Loranthaceae y reevaluar sus relaciones.  Métodos:  Las flores de G. punctatum fueron recolectadas en diferentes estados de desarrollo, se realizaron cortes histológicos seriados, se tiñeron con azul de astra y fucsina, y se analizaron mediante microscopía óptica.  Resultados:  Las inflorescencias mostraron un desarrollo acrópeto, las flores bisexuales presentaron ovario ínfero con presencia de una estructura en forma de anillo, carente de tejidos vasculares llamada calículo; el ovario se compone por siete lóculos basales, cada uno con un óvulo atégmico tenuinucelar. Por encima de los óvulos, el mamelón se fusiona con los tejidos adyacentes. El androceo está conformado por siete estambres epipétalos, las anteras presentan un endotecio fibroso y granos de polen tricolpados. La dehiscencia de las anteras es mediante una sola apertura longitudinal.  Conclusiones:  Los resultados del presente trabajo demuestran que Gaiadendron y Atkinsonia comparten anteras dorsifijas y versátiles, mientras Gaiadendron y Nuytsia comparten el tipo de dehiscencia anteral y por otro lado Gaiadendron comparte los caracteres de mamelón amilífero y calículo no vascularizado con la tribu Elytrantheae. La clasificación del género Gaiadendron con respecto a los dos géneros basales de la familia debe ser objeto de investigación (análisis filogenético combinado) que permita dirimir si la tribu Gaiadendrae es un clado, un grado o dos géneros más lejanamente emparentados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Atkinsonia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[embryo sacs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[floral development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gynoecium]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hypostase]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mamelon]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Nuytsia.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Atkinsonia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sacos embrionarios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[desarrollo floral]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[gineceo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hipostasa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[mamelón]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Nuytsia.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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