<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442021000200688</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v69i2.46162</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Lichen community structure and richness in three mid-elevation secondary forests in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estructura y riqueza de la comunidad liquénica de tres bosques secundarios de elevación media en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero-S.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Roberto-A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pérez-Molina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Junior-Pastor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez-Alán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Óscar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chávez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José-Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional y Ecosistemas Tropicales]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Alcalá de Henares Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Madrid]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Heredia]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Trabajador independiente  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Tilarán]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>688</fpage>
<lpage>699</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000200688&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000200688&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000200688&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Lichen diversity, community structure, composition and species abundance have been used as indicators of the integrity and ecological continuity of tropical forest ecosystems.  Objectives:  To assess corticolous lichen species composition, diversity, and ecological importance of three forested stands differing in time of abandonment as indicators of how passive restoration influences the lichen community assemblage.  Methods:  We surveyed individual lichens on tree stems of a reference old secondary forest and a young secondary forest (50 and 14-year-old natural regeneration after pasture abandonment, respectively), and in a 35-year-old exotic cypress tree plantation, in the oriental Central Valley, in Orosí, Costa Rica. Standard diversity, similarity indexes, and the importance value index were calculated. An NMDS analysis was performed on the community structure parameters and in a presence-absence matrix.  Results:  We found 64 lichen species in 25 families with 42, 21, and 23 species, and 20, 10, and 15 families, in the young and old secondary forests, and the cypress plantation, respectively. Cryptothecia sp. possessed the highest importance across sites. More than 87 % of the species are rare. The combined IVI of the top three families were: 36, 48.5, and 74.8 % in the young and old forests and the Cypress plantation sites, respectively. Overall, Arthoniaceae is in the top three families. The young forest had the highest species richness, but the old forest presented the best evenness. Similarity and diversity indexes suggest a particularly low resemblance in the lichen communities but a smooth gradient differentiation between the three forests, which was confirmed by the NMDS test. The homogeneity test identified great differences in ecological importance and composition.  Conclusions:  This region contains a distinctive assemblage of species resulting in a strong community differentiation by site, reflecting the influence of ecophysiological and microclimatic factors that define lichen establishment and survival and suggesting a great regional beta diversity, within a fragmented landscape. Greater connectivity and passive restoration strategies resulted in greater diversity and a more heterogeneous community structure on both forests than the corticolous community of the abandoned plantation. Protection of forest fragments will maximize the integrity of future forests.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  La diversidad de líquenes, la estructura y composición de la comunidad y la abundancia de algunas especies y familias se ha usado como indicadores de la salud y continuidad ecológica de los ecosistemas boscosos tropicales.  Objetivos:  Evaluar la composición, diversidad e importancia ecológica de las especies de líquenes en tres ecosistemas boscosos que difieren en el tiempo regeneración natural, como indicadores de la influencia de la restauración pasiva en el ensamble de la comunidad de líquenes cortícolas.  Métodos:  Se midieron los líquenes individuales sobre los troncos de árboles en un bosque secundario avanzado (OF), en un bosque secundario joven (YF, con 50 y 14 años de regeneración natural tras abandono del potrero, respectivamente), y en una plantación abandonada de ciprés exótico con 35 años de edad (CP), en la región oriental del Valle Central de Costa Rica. Se calcularon los índices estándares de diversidad, similitud y valor de importancia (IVI), además de un análisis de NMDS sobre los parámetros de la estructura de la comunidad en una matriz de presencia-ausencia.  Resultados:  Encontramos 64 especies en 25 familias, con 42, 23 y 21 especies y 20, 10 y 15 familias en los sitios YF, CP y OF, respectivamente. Una especie de Cryptothecia sp. presentó el IVI más alto en los tres bosques. Más del 87 % de las especies son raras. El IVI combinado de las tres familias más importantes fue: 36, 48.5 y 74.8 % en los sitios: YF, OF y CP, respectivamente. Arthoniaceae está entre las tres familias más importantes en los tres sitios. El YF es el sitio con más especies, pero el sitio OF presentó la mayor igualdad. Los índices de similitud y diversidad sugieren una semejanza particularmente baja entre las comunidades liquénicas, pero separadas por una gradiente de diferenciación difusa entre los tres sitios, lo cual es confirmado por el análisis NMDS. La prueba de homogeneidad confirmó grandes diferencias en la importancia ecológica y la composición.  Conclusiones:  La región contiene un ensamblaje propio de especies que resulta en una fuerte diferenciación comunitaria entre bosques, reflejo de la influencia de factores ecofisiológicos y microclimáticos en el establecimiento y supervivencia de líquenes; lo que sugiere una gran diversidad beta regional, en un paisaje fragmentado. Una mayor conectividad y estrategias de restauración pasiva dieron como resultado una mayor diversidad y una estructura comunitaria más heterogénea en ambos bosques que la comunidad cortícola de la plantación exótica abandonada. La protección de fragmentos forestales maximizará la integridad de los bosques futuros.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cloud forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[community composition]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[corticolous lichens]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hemeroby]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[lichen diversity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bosque nuboso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[composición de la comunidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[líquenes cortícolas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[hemerobia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diversidad de líquenes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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