<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442021000100197</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v69i1.43515</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Characterization and cytotoxic activity on glial cells of alkaloid-enriched extracts from pods of the plants Prosopis flexuosa and Prosopis nigra (Fabaceae)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Caracterización, y actividad citotóxica en células gliales, de extractos enriquecidos con alcaloides de vainas de las plantas Prosopis flexuosa y Prosopis nigra (Fabaceae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cholich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luciana-Andrea]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pistán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María-Elena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana-María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ortega]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Hugo-Héctor]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gardner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dale-R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bustillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Soledad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,National University of the Northeast  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,National University of the Northeast  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,National University of Litoral (UNL)  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Utah]]></addr-line>
<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,National University of the Northeast  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>197</fpage>
<lpage>206</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000100197&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000100197&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000100197&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Prosopis spp. pods have shown to be a potential source of protein and energy in livestock. However, prolonged ingestion of some of these species produces neurological symptoms in ruminants.  Objective: In the present study, the alkaloid content and the in vitro neurotoxic activity of alkaloid enriched-extracts from P. flexuosa and P. nigra pods were determined in order to elucidate the mechanism of animal poisoning caused by these species.  Methods: The main alkaloids present in both extracts were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). The cytotoxic activity of Prosopis alkaloid enriched-extracts in primary mixed glial cell culture was assessed by phase contrast microscopy and using neutral red, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays.  Results: Juliprosine and juliprosopine were identified in P. flexuosa pods, while the absence of these alkaloids in P. nigra was confirmed. Both extracts (5-30 &#956;g/mL) induced in a dose dependent manner, morphological alterations, such as swelling, enlargement and detachment from the culture surface. Consistent with this, decrease in cell viability and release of LDH 48 hours after exposure, revealed that P. flexuosa pods was significantly more cytotoxic than P. nigra.  Conclusions: In P. flexuosa pods, juliprosine and juliprosopine alkaloids were identified for the first time. Moreover, the present study suggests that the cytotoxic effect displayed by both extracts is due to its alkaloid content. However, the presence of piperidine alkaloids in P. flexuosa could explain the greater cytotoxicity on glial cells with respect to P. nigra that was not shown to contain these alkaloids.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Las vainas de diversas especies de Prosopis muestran ser una potencial fuente de proteínas y energía para el ganado. Sin embargo, la ingestión prolongada de algunas de estas especies produce síntomas neurológicos en los rumiantes.  Objetivo:  En el presente estudio se determinó el contenido de alcaloides y la actividad neurotóxica in vitro de los extractos enriquecidos con alcaloides obtenidos en las vainas de P. flexuosa y P. nigra, con el fin de dilucidar el mecanismo de la intoxicación animal causada por estas especies.  Métodos: Los principales alcaloides presentes en ambos extractos se analizaron mediante cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento-espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HPLC-HRMS). La actividad citotóxica de los extractos enriquecidos con alcaloides de Prosopis se determinó en cultivos primarios de células gliales mixtas y se evaluó mediante microscopía de contraste de fase y utilizando ensayos de actividad de rojo neutro y de deshidrogenasa láctica (LDH).  Resultados:  Se identificaron la juliprosina y la juliprosopina en las vainas de P. flexuosa, mientras que se confirmó la ausencia de estos alcaloides piperidínicos en P. nigra. Ambos extractos (5-30 &#956;g/mL) indujeron, de manera dependiente a la dosis, alteraciones morfológicas, como hinchazón, agrandamiento y desprendimiento de la superficie de cultivo. En consecuencia, la disminución de la viabilidad celular y la liberación de la LDH después de 48 horas de exposición, reveló que las vainas de P. flexuosa eran significativamente más citotóxicas que las de P. nigra.  Conclusiones:  El presente estudio muestra la presencia de los alcaloides juliprosina y juliprosopina en vainas de P. flexuosa y sugiere que el efecto citotóxico mostrado por ambos extractos se debe al contenido de alcaloides. Sin embargo, la presencia de estos alcaloides piperidínicos en P. flexuosa podría explicar la mayor citotoxicidad en las células gliales con respecto a P. nigra que no mostró que tuviera estos alcaloides.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[algarrobos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cytotoxicity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[piperidine alkaloids]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Prosopis species]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alcaloides piperidínicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[algarrobos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[citotoxicidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Prosopis species]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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