<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442021000100001</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v69i1.42021</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Traditional practices of the ethnoveterinary plants in the Kaghan Valley, Western Himalayas-Pakistan]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Prácticas tradicionales etnoveterinarias de las plantas en el valle de Kaghan, Himalaya occidental-Pakistán]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shoaib]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ghazala]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ghulam-Mujtaba]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shad]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nasir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dogan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Yunus]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Siddique]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Zeeshan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Abbas-Hussain]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farooq]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Khalid-Rasheed]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nedelcheva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Anely]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Hazara University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Jiangxi Agricultural University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>China</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Dokuz Eylul University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Turkey</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Wah  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Department of Botany Government Post Graduate College Mansehra  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Sofia University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bulgaria</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>69</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442021000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  Indigenous people in a far-flung mountainous area without basic facilities, mainly rely on medicinal plants to cope with various veterinary health problems.  Objective: The present study was carried out to explore the traditional knowledge of ethnoveterinary practices in Kaghan Valley, district Mansehra, Western Himalayas-Pakistan.  Method:  Ethnoveterinary data were collected between February to October 2014 from nine villages of the Kaghan Valley by involving 80 local people include traditional healers using a semi-structured interview.  Results:  A sum of 41 plant taxa of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants was documented for treating livestock ailments. Out of which, herbaceous plants were recorded with high percentage (27 species, 65.8 %). Most of the species were used to treat gastrointestinal diseases (12 taxa), followed by health improvement (7 taxa). The widely used part of plants for livestock aliments was the whole plant (9 species) followed by leaves (7 species), and preparation were paste (18 species) followed by powder with 10 species. The highest used values were recorded for Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76), and high relative frequency citations for Berberis lyceum and Dryopteris ramosa with 0.37 each. Among the plant species Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis and Phytolacca latbenia were among the taxa with cent fidelity level.  Conclusion:  The flora used in traditional remedies of the valley was found mostly endemic due to excessive utilization. Thus, further chemical investigation, better utilization and conservation of indigenous use of the reported species should be considered for future work.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Los pueblos indígenas de zonas montañosas lejanas sin facilidades básicas dependen principalmente de las plantas medicinales para afrontar problemas de salud de tipo veterinario.  Objetivo:  Explorar el conocimiento tradicional en las prácticas etnoveterinarias en el valle de Kaghan, distrito de Mansehra, Himalaya occidental-Pakistán.  Métodos:  Se recopilaron datos etnoveterinarios mediante una entrevista semiestructurada entre febrero y octubre de 2014 en nueve aldeas del valle de Kaghan, con la participación de 80 habitantes locales, incluidos curanderos tradicionales.  Resultados:  Se documentó un total de 41 taxones de plantas medicinales etnoveterinarias para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado. Se registró un alto porcentaje de plantas herbáceas (27 especies, 65.8 %). La mayoría de las especies utilizadas han sido para tratar enfermedades gastrointestinales (12 taxones), y mejora de la salud (7 taxones). Para el tratamiento de enfermedades del ganado, lo más usual fue utilizar la planta entera (9 especies), seguida de las hojas (7 especies), con preparación en pasta (18 especies) y en polvo (10 especies). Las especies registradas con más uso fueron: Arisaema costatum (0.82), Primula denticulata (0.76) y Berberis lyceum y Dryopteris ramosa con la misma alta frecuencia relativa (0.37 cada una). Las especies Skimmia laureola, Thymus linearis y Phytolacca latbenia se reportaron entre los taxones con mayor nivel de fidelidad porcentual.  Conclusión:  La flora utilizada en los remedios tradicionales del valle de Kaghan fue mayoritariamente endémica. Se propone para trabajos futuros mayor investigación química, y mayor utilización y conservación en las especies de plantas reportadas por los indígenas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[traditional knowledge]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[livestock ailments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[medicinal plants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Kaghan Valley]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[conocimiento tradicional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[dolencias del ganado]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[plantas medicinales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Valle de Kaghan]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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