<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442020000401311</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v68i4.42007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Conservation status of fish and marine invertebrate of rocky reefs and sandy substrates in two unprotected bays of the Papagayo Gulf, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Estado de conservación de peces e invertebrados marinos de arrecifes rocosos y zonas arenosas en dos bahías desprotegidas del Golfo de Papagayo, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cordero-Umaña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Keilor E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santidrián-Tomillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Menéndez Pelayo International University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Madrid]]></addr-line>
<country>Spain</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,The Leatherback Trust Goldring-Gund Marine Biology Station ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1311</fpage>
<lpage>1321</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000401311&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000401311&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000401311&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction:  North Pacific Costa Rica is generally considered rich in marine habitats and species. However, some areas are subject to fishing pressures that could degrade ecosystems. The Gulf of Papagayo comprises protected and unprotected areas with various degrees of impact.  Objectives:  Our aim was to evaluate the conservation status of fish and invertebrate communities in rocky reefs and sandy areas in two unprotected bays of the Gulf of Papagayo.  Methods:  The study was conducted at Cabuyal and Zapotillal Bays, south of Santa Rosa National Park. From December 2017 to April 2018, a total of thirty-five transects were done parallel to the coast at 3-10 m depth. We identified fish and invertebrate species and estimated biomass by trophic group in fish, and density in invertebrates.  Results:  We found a high number of species of fish (81) and invertebrates (70) in rocky reefs, which indicates a biodiverse ecosystem, but few species of fish in sandy areas. Species composition differed between the two bays. Density of juvenile fishes was high in Zapotillal Bay, suggesting that the area could be important for recruitment and breeding. Fish biomass was higher in sandy areas than in rocky reefs and all trophic groups had lower biomass than in other unprotected areas of the region. On average, reef fish biomass was 1.57 ± 0.67 (s.e.) t ha-1, similar to previous reports for Costa Rican North Pacific. By trophic group, piscivorous and planktivorous had the highest biomass in sandy areas and piscivorous and carnivorous in rocky reefs. Mean coral cover was low with 4.09 % ± 2.51 (s.e.), similar to previously reported for the region.  Conclusions:  Cabuyal and Zapotillal Bays in the Gulf of Papagayo are biodiverse in fish and invertebrates. However, the area may be impacted by local fisheries and other human activities, affecting fish and invertebrate populations, and coral formations. Our study fills some gaps in knowledge of marine biodiversity in the Gulf of Papagayo that can contribute to the conservation of marine life in North Pacific Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  El Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica generalmente se considera rico en hábitats y especies marinas. Sin embargo, algunas zonas están sujetas a presiones de pesca que pueden degradar los ecosistemas. El Golfo de Papagayo comprende zonas protegidas y desprotegidas con diversos grados de impacto.  Objetivos:  Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el estado de conservación de las comunidades de peces e invertebrados en los arrecifes rocosos y las zonas arenosas de dos bahías desprotegidas del Golfo de Papagayo.  Métodos:  El estudio se llevó a cabo en las bahías de Cabuyal y Zapotillal, al sur del Parque Nacional Santa Rosa. Desde diciembre 2017 hasta abril 2018, se realizaron un total de 35 transectos paralelos a la costa entre 3-10 m de profundidad. Se identificaron especies de peces e invertebrados y se estimó la biomasa por grupo trófico en los peces, y la densidad en los invertebrados.  Resultados:  Encontramos un alto número de especies de peces (81) e invertebrados (70) en arrecifes rocosos, lo que indica un ecosistema biodiverso, pero pocas especies de peces en zonas arenosas. La composición de especies difirió entre las dos bahías. La densidad de peces juveniles fue elevada en la bahía de Zapotillal, lo que sugiere que la zona podría ser importante para el reclutamiento y la reproducción. La biomasa de peces fue mayor en zonas arenosas que en arrecifes rocosos y todos los grupos tróficos tuvieron menores biomasas que en otras zonas desprotegidas de la región. En promedio, la biomasa de peces de arrecifes fue de 1.57 ± 0.67 (s.e.) t ha-1, similar a lo reportado anteriormente en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica. Por grupo trófico, los piscívoros y planctívoros tuvieron la biomasa más alta en las zonas arenosas y los piscívoros y carnívoros en los arrecifes rocosos. La cobertura media de coral fue baja con 4.09 % ± 2.51 (s.e.), similar a la reportada anteriormente para la región.  Conclusiones:  Las bahías Cabuyal y Zapotillal en el Golfo de Papagayo son biodiversas en peces e invertebrados. Sin embargo, la zona puede verse afectada por las pesquerías locales y otras actividades humanas, lo que afecta a las poblaciones de peces e invertebrados y formaciones coralinas. Nuestro estudio llena algunos vacíos de conocimiento de la biodiversidad marina en el Golfo de Papagayo que pueden contribuir a la conservación de la vida marina en el Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[knowledge gap]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Guanacaste Conservation Area]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[unprotected marine areas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reef health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[overfishing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vacíos de conocimiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Área de Conservación Guanacaste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[áreas marinas desprotegidas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[salud arrecifal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sobrepesca.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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