<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442020000300833</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v68i3.40411</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Reproduction of fishes of the Verde River, upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Reproducción de peces del río Verde, cuenca alta del río Paraná, Brasil]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Josias-Batista]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gubiani]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Éder-André]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leandro da Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro-Rogério]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumgartner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Dirceu]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baumgartner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilmar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Western Paraná State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Paraná]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Western Paraná State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Paraná]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Western Paraná State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Paraná]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Western Paraná State University  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Paraná]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>68</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>833</fpage>
<lpage>846</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000300833&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000300833&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442020000300833&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Understanding the various aspects of the reproductive biology of fish is a key step towards applying effective strategies for sustainable management of fishery resources.  Objective:  We aimed to evaluate the sex ratio, reproductive period and lengths at first maturity for 30 fish species caught in the Verde River, upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil.  Methods: Fish were sampled monthly from November 2010 to March 2011 and from October 2011 to February 2012, and sampled quarterly from May to August in 2011 and 2012; totaling 14 samples. Fish were measured and weighed in the laboratory. In addition, gender and gonadal developmental stage were identified macroscopically. Subsequently, the sex ratio was determined and significant differences were tested using the chi-square (&#967;²) method. The reproductive period was determined with the use of gonadal developmental stages and the gonadosomatic index. Lastly, length at first maturity was estimated only for the species that presented individuals with sufficient immature and mature gonads to adjust the model.  Results:  Of the captured individuals, 51.5 % were male, and 48.5 % were female. Fifteen species showed significant differences in their sex ratios. The reproductive period for most species occurred from October to February, with reproductive peaks in November, December and January. The length at first maturity was estimated for only five species, including Salminus brasiliensis, a keystone species.  Conclusions:  The sex ratios revealed that for many species, there is a predominance of males over females, which was not expected for this parameter. The reproductive period follows the same pattern observed in Neotropical fish. However, it is noteworthy that some species are starting their reproduction in August. Lastly, estimating length at first maturity for most Neotropical fish remains a challenge, which may lead to difficulties in the use of protective measures to maintain fisheries and conserve fish species.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción:  Comprender los aspectos de la biología reproductiva de los peces es un paso fundamental para la aplicación de estrategias efectivas para la administración sostenible de los recursos pesqueros.  Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la proporción sexual, el período reproductivo y la longitud en la primera madurez para 30 especies de peces capturados en el río Verde, cuenca alta del río Paraná, Brasil.  Métodos:  Se tomaron muestras de peces mensualmente de noviembre 2010 a marzo 2011 y de octubre 2011 a febrero 2012, y trimestralmente de mayo hasta agosto de 2011 y 2012; totalizando 14 muestras. En el laboratorio, los peces capturados fueron medidos y pesados. Además, el sexo y la etapa de desarrollo gonadal se identificaron macroscópicamente. Posteriormente, se determinó la proporción sexual y se analizó si había diferencias significativas utilizando el método de chi-cuadrado (&#967;²). El período reproductivo fue determinado con el uso de las etapas de desarrollo gonadal y el índice gonadosomático. Finalmente, la longitud en la primera madurez fue estimada solamente para las especies que presentaron individuos con suficientes gónadas inmaduras y maduras para ajustar el modelo.  Resultados:  De los individuos capturados, el 51.5 % fueron machos y el 48.5 % hembras. Quince especies presentaron diferencias significativas en la proporción sexual. El período reproductivo para la mayoría de las especies ocurrió de octubre a febrero, con picos reproductivos en noviembre, diciembre y enero. La longitud en la primera madurez fue estimada solamente para cinco especies, incluyendo Salminus brasiliensis, una especie clave.  Conclusiones: La proporción sexual reveló que para muchas especies hay predominio de machos sobre hembras, lo cual no se esperaba para este parámetro. El período reproductivo sigue el mismo patrón observado en peces neotropicales. Sin embargo, vale la pena señalar que algunas especies están comenzando su reproducción en el mes de agosto. Por último, estimar la longitud en la primera madurez para la mayoría de los peces neotropicales sigue siendo un reto, lo que puede llevar a dificultades en el uso de medidas de protección para mantener la pesca y conservar las especies de peces.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reproduction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reproductive tactics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reproductive period]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sex ratio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[first maturation size]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reproducción]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tácticas reproductivas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[período reproductivo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[proporción sexual]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tamaño en la primera madurez]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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