<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442019000601418</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v67i6.34787</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Allelopathic potential of 73 weed species in Pakistan]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Potencial alelopático de 73 especies de malezas en Pakistán]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sadiqullah]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shinwari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Muhammad Ibrar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Waqar Ali]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Khawaja]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rana]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Tabassum]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kalsoom]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Saima]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Akbar Khan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Said]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Gomal University Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering Department of Environmental Science]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,International Islamic University Department of Environmental Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,International Islamic University Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Science (SA-CIRBS ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Bahria University Department of Earth &amp; Environmental Science ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Pakistan</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>6</numero>
<fpage>1418</fpage>
<lpage>1430</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442019000601418&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442019000601418&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442019000601418&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract  Introduction: Use of allelochemicals as inexpensive, biodegradable and eco-friendly substitutes for the management of weeds in crops is a central topic nowadays.  Objective:  The current study represented the comprehensive screening of allelopathic activity of 73 weeds in Pakistan by the Sandwich method and dish pack method. To investigate the allelochemical compound in top most allelopathic weed.  Methods:  Allelopathic effects of selected weeds leaves leachate were determined through sandwich technique, while volatile allelopathic effects through dish pack techniques. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical techniques were applied to investigate allelochemical potential of Melilotus indicus. The statistical analysis of the data described the allelopathic effect of 73 weed plants on lettuce seedling growth in terms of radicle and hypocotyl elongation.  Results:  Elongation percentage of radicle and hypocotyl ranged 0-74 % to 0-148 % and 0-75 % to 0-84 % respectively at 10 mg concentration of dry plant powder in sandwich method while it was 2-234 % and 7-150 % at in Dish Pack method. Among the plants screened for phytotoxic activity, M. indicus contained the strongest allelochemicals. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of M. indicus showed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compound along with other allelochemical.  Conclusions:  Selected weeds may have strong allelochemical potential that can help in the development of bioactive compounds from plant species to be used as natural herbicides and pesticides for sustainable management of weeds and pest.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen  Introducción: El uso de aleloquímicos como sustitutos baratos y amigables con el ambiente para el manejo de hierbas en plantaciones es un tema central actualmente.  Objetivo:  En el presente estudio se midió la actividad alelopática de 73 hierbas en Pakistán a través de los métodos &#8220;sandwich&#8221; y &#8220;dish pack&#8221;, con el fin de investigar los compuestos aleloquímicos más importantes en las hierbas analizadas.  Métodos:  A través del método &#8220;sandwich&#8221; se determinaron los efectos alelopáticos de los lixiviados de hojas en las hierbas analizadas, mientras que el efecto alelopático volátil a través de la técnica &#8220;dish pack&#8221;. Para investigar el potencial aleloquímico de Melilotus indicus se aplicaron técnicas fitoquímicas tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas. El análisis estadístico de los datos describió el efecto alelopático de 73 especies de hierbas sobre el crecimiento radicular y del hipocótilo en plántulas de lechuga.  Resultados:  El porcentaje de elongación radicular y del hipocotilo varió entre 0-74 % hasta 0-148 % y 0-75 % hasta 0-84 % respectivamente, con una concentración de 10 mg de polvo de planta seca con el método &#8220;sandwich&#8221;. Además, fue entre 2-234 % y 7-150 % con el método &#8220;dish pack&#8221;. Entre las plantas analizadas para actividad fitotóxica, M. indicus presentó los aleloquímicos más fuertes. Los análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de M. indicus mostraron la presencia de flavonoides y compuestos fenólicos, junto con otros aleloquímicos.  Conclusiones:  Las hierbas seleccionadas pueden tener un potencial aleloquímico fuerte que ayude al desarrollo de compuestos bioactivos de plantas, para usar como hierbicidas y pesticidas naturales en el manejo sostenible de plagas y malas hierbas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bioassay]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phytochemicals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[allelopathy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sandwich method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[dish pack method]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alelopatía]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bioensayo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ELISA tipo sándwich]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fitoquímicos]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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