<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442019000200274</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v67i2supl.37241</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Changes in nesting sites abundance and their use by woodpeckers along an urban gradient: a ten-year comparison]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cambios en la abundancia de los sitios para anidar y su uso por carpinteros en un gradiente urbano: una comparación de diez años]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Protti-Sánchez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francesca]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sandoval]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado Posgrado en Biología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,aff2  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>274</fpage>
<lpage>281</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442019000200274&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442019000200274&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442019000200274&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Woodpeckers nesting substrate abundance may be reduced by urban expansion, negatively affecting their reproduction. Long-term studies in the tropics are rare but valuable to estimate how urban development has affected ecological communities. We present a ten-year comparison on nesting substrate abundance and their use by Melanerpes rubricapillus and M. chrysauchen woodpeckers along an urban gradient in Golfito, Costa Rica; which include three habitats and three substrates (snags, palms, and posts). Conditions remained unchanged in non-urban areas. In semi-urban areas, snag, posts, and nests on them, have decreased. In urban areas, despite snags and posts remaining constant, their use also decreased. In semi-urban and urban areas, palms and palm nests increased. This long term comparison indicates that woodpeckers took advantage of the increased presence of ornamental palms in gardens.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La abundancia de sustratos para anidación de pájaras carpinteros puede reducirse debido a la expansión urbana, afectando negativamente su reproducción. Los estudios a largo plazo en los trópicos son escazos, pero valiosos para estimar cómo el desarrollo urbano ha afectado las comunidades ecológicas. Presentamos una comparación de diez años sobre la abundancia y uso de sustratos de anidación de los carpinteros Melanerpes rubricapillus y M. chrysauchen en un gradiente urbano en Golfito, Costa Rica; que incluye tres hábitats y tres sustratos (tocones, palmas y postes). Las condiciones permanecieron similares en áreas no urbanas. En las áreas semi urbanas, los postes y tocones, así como los nidos en ellos disminuyeron. En áreas urbanas, a pesar de que los postes permanecieron constantes, su uso disminuyó. En las áreas semi urbanas y urbanas, la cantidad de palmas y de nidos en estas aumentó. Esta comparación a largo plazo indica que los carpinteros tomaron ventaja del aumento en la presencia de palmas ornamentales en los jardines.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Golfito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Melanerpes chrysauchen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Melanerpes rubricapillus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nests]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[snags]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Golfito]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Melanerpes chrysauchen]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Melanerpes rubricapillus]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[nidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tocones]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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