<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442018000401614</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v66i4.32904</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Bite force, cranial morphometrics and size in the fishing bat Myotis vivesi (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ospina-Garcés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sandra M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Luna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Efraín De]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gerardo Herrera M.]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo-Cabrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Joaquín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Flores-Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Juan]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Ecología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[El Haya Xalapa]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto de Ecología  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Xalapa Veracruz]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología Estación de Biología de Chamela]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Patricio Jalisco]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,INAH Laboratorio de Arqueozoología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af6">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Instituto de Biología Departamento de Zoología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Distrito Federal]]></addr-line>
<country>Mexico</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1614</fpage>
<lpage>1628</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401614&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401614&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000401614&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Fish-eating in bats evolved independently in Myotis vivesi (Vespertillionidae) and Noctilio leporinus (Noctilionidae). We compared cranial morphological characters and bite force between these species to test the existence of evolutionary parallelism in piscivory. We collected cranial distances of M. vivesi, two related insectivorous bats (M. velifer and M. keaysi), two facultatively piscivorous bats (M. daubentonii and M. capaccinii), and N. leporinus. We analyzed morphometric data applying multivariate methods to test for differences among the six species. We also measured bite force in M. vivesi and evaluated if this value was well predicted by its cranial size. Both piscivorous species were morphologically different from the facultatively piscivorous and insectivorous species, and skull size had a significant contribution to this difference. However, we did not find morphological and functional similarities that could be interpreted as parallelisms between M. vivesi and N. leporinus. These two piscivorous species differed significantly in cranial measurements and in bite force. Bite force measured for M. vivesi was well predicted by skull size. Piscivory in M. vivesi might be associated to the existence of a vertically displaced temporal muscle and an increase in gape angle that allows a moderate bite force to process food.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen La alimentación por peces en murciélagos evolucionó independientemente en Myotis vivesi (Vespertilionidae) y Noctilio leporinus (Phyllostomidae). En este estudio se compararon características craneales morfológicas y fuerza de mordida entre estas especies, para probar la existencia de paralelismo evolucionario en piscivoría. Se recolectaron distancias craneales en M. vivesi, dos parientes insectívoros (M. velifer y M. keaysi), dos murciélagos piscívoros facultativos (M. daubentonii y M. capaccinii), y N. leporinus. Se analizaron datos morfométricos aplicando múltiples métodos para probar las diferencias entre las seis especies. Se midió la fuerza de mordida en M. vivesi y se evalúo si puede ser predicha por el tamaño del cráneo. Las especies piscívoras fueron morfológicamente diferentes de las facultativamente piscívoras y las insectívoras, el tamaño del cráneo tuvo una contribución significativa en esta diferencia. Sin embargo, no encontramos semejanzas morfológicas y funcionales que puedan ser interpretadas como paralelismos entre M. vivesi y N. leporinus. Estas dos especies piscívoras difieren significativamente en medidas craneales y fuerza de mordida. La fuerza de mordida en M. vivesi fue efectivamente predicha por el tamaño de cráneo. La piscivoría en M. vivesi puede estar asociada con la existencia de un músculo temporal verticalmente desplazado y el incremento en el ángulo de apertura mandibular que permite moderar la fuerza de mordida para procesar el alimento.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bite force]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cranial morphology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Myotis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Noctilio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[piscivory]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[size]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gape angle.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fuerza de mordida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[morfología craneal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Myotis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Noctilio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[piscivoría]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tamaño]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ángulo de apertura mandibular]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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