<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442018000301314</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v66i3.31483</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Critical vitrification steps towards survival of Garcinia hombroniana (Clusiaceae) shoot tips after cryopreservation]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Etapas críticas de vitrificación para la supervivencia de ápices caulinares de Garcinia hombroniana (Clusiaceae) después de crioconservación]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sulong]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Norafarain]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farhana Shahabudin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nurul]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mohd. Noor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Normah]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Malaysia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1314</fpage>
<lpage>1323</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000301314&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000301314&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000301314&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract A cryopreservation protocol was developed for in vitro shoot tips of Garcinia hombroniana using the vitrification technique. Four critical steps in the technique were investigated, namely preculture, loading, dehydration with Plant Vitrification Solution 2 (PVS2), and unloading. Shoot tips precultured for 48 h gave significantly higher survival (75 %) compared to 24 h preculture (50 %) after cryopreservation. Treatment with 1 M glycerol plus 0.4 M sucrose as a loading solution gave higher survival (45.83 %) compared to the other treatments (0.4 M sucrose + 2 M glycerol; 0.4 M sucrose). Shoot tips dehydrated with PVS2 for 25 min gave the highest survival after immersion in liquid nitrogen. Stepwise PVS2 treatment for 15 min with 50 % PVS2 followed by 10 min with 100 % PVS2 solution improved survival of the shoot tips after cryopreservation (41.67 %). Murashige and Skoog medium with 0.4 M sucrose gave significantly higher survival (66.67 %) than MS with 1.2 M sucrose (25 %) as an unloading solution. Water content was shown to decrease throughout the whole vitrification steps from 6.83 ± 1.66 g g-1 dw for fresh shoot tips down to 2.93 ± 0.28 g g-1 dw after PVS2 treatment. Further study on each step including recovery medium is required to improve the survival. Nevertheless, the present study showed the potential of using the vitrification technique for cryopreservation of G. hombroniana. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1314-1323. Epub 2018 September 01.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Se desarrolló un protocolo de crioconservación in vitro para ápices caulinares de Garcinia hombroniana mediante la técnica de vitrificación, con cuatro etapas críticas: precultivo, carga de crioprotector, deshidratación con solución de vitrificación vegetal 2 (PVS2), y descarga. Ápices precultivados por 48 h sobrevivieron más (75 %) que los de 24 h (50 %) después de la crioconservación. El tratamiento con glicerol 1 M más sacarosa 0.4 M como solución de carga permitió mayor sobrevivencia (45.83 %) que los otros tratamientos (sacarosa 0.4 M + glicerol 2 M; sacarosa 0.4 M). Los ápices deshidratados con PVS2 por 25 min registraron la mayor sobrevivencia tras inmersión en nitrógeno líquido. El tratamiento gradual por 15 min con solución de PVS2 al 50 %, seguido por 10 min al 100 %, mejoró la sobrevivencia de ápices tras la crioconservación (41.67 %). El medio Murashige-Skoog (MS) con sacarosa 0.4 M produjo una sobrevivencia significativamente mayor (66.67 %) que MS con sacarosa 1.2 M (25 %) como solución de descarga. El contenido de agua disminuyó a lo largo del proceso de vitrificación desde 6.83 ± 1.66 g g-1 peso seco, en ápices frescos, hasta 2.93 ± 0.28 g g-1 peso seco después del tratamiento con PVS2. Se requiere de más investigación sobre cada etapa, incluyendo el medio de recuperación, para mejorar la tasa de sobrevivencia. Sin embargo, este estudio muestra el potencial de la vitrificación para la crioconservación de G. hombroniana.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cryopreservation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[vitrification steps]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Garcinia hombroniana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[shoot tip]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Malaysia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crioconservación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[vitrificación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Garcinia hombroniana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ápice caulinar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Malasia]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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