<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442018000301282</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v66i3.30699</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Antimicrobial activity of four Valeriana (Caprifoliaceae) species endemic to the Venezuelan Andes]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Actividad antimicrobiana de cuatro especies de Valeriana (Caprifoliaceae) endémicas de los Andes venezolanos]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rondón]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[María]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velasco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Judith]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Janne]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gámez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gudberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Entralgo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Efraín]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Los Andes  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Mérida]]></addr-line>
<country>Venezuela</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>66</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1282</fpage>
<lpage>1289</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000301282&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000301282&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442018000301282&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Valeriana L. genus is represented in Venezuela by 16 species, 9 of these are endemic of Venezuelan Andes growing in high mountains at 2 800 masl. In this investigation, four species were analyzed in order to determine the main secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from aerial parts of Valeriana parviflora, V. rosaliana, V. triplinervis and V. phylicoides. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, triterpenoids and saponins were qualitatively observed in all methanolic extracts tested. The color intensity or a precipitate formation was used as analytical response to these tests. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram positive, Gram negative bacterial strains and yeast, using disc diffusion method. N-hexane extracts of V. triplinervis and V. rosaliana showed the highest efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus, exhibiting inhibition zones of 16 mm and 15 mm; MIC (Minimal Inhibition Concentration) values were observed at 116 mg/mL and 150 mg/mL, respectively. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of V. triplinervis and methanolic extract of V. rosalianashowed a rather moderate activity (MIC between 200 to 316 mg/ml) but a very weak antibacterial activity was observed in V. phylicoides and V. parviflora extracts (MIC &gt; 420 mg/mL). None of the extracts assayed in this investigation showed any activity against Candida albicansand Candida krusei. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences on the different polarity extracts assayed with respect to antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (P &gt; 0.10), however it was observed significant differences between the Valeriana species analyzed (P &lt; 0.10) in relation to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1282-1289. Epub 2018 September 01.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen El género Valeriana, está representado en Venezuela por 16 especies, 9 de las cuales son endémicas de Los Andes y crecen en las altas montañas a 2 800 msnm. En esta investigación cuatro especies fueron analizadas para determinar los principales metabolitos secundarios y la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos obtenidos de las partes aéreas de Valeriana parviflora, V. rosaliana, V. triplinervis y V. phylicoides. Compuestos como alcaloides, flavonoides, taninos, estroles, triterpenos y saponinas fueron detectados cualitativamente en todos los extractos metanólicos ensayados. La intensidad del color o la formación de un precipitado se tomaron como respuesta positiva para estos análisis. Actividad antimicrobiana fue evaluada frente a bacterias Gram positivas, Gram negativas y levaduras, usando el método de difusión en discos. Los extractos en n-hexano de V. triplinervis y V. rosaliana mostraron la mayor eficiencia frente a Staphylococcus aureus, mostrando zonas de inhibición de 16 mm y 15 mm con valores de CIM (Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima) observados a 116 mg/mL y 150 mg/mL, respectivamente. Los extractos con diclorometano y metanol de V. triplinervis y metanol de V. rosaliana revelaron moderada actividad (CIM entre 200 y 316 mg/ml), mientras actividad muy leve se observó en los extractos de V. phylicoides y V. parviflora (CIM &gt; 420 mg/mL). Ninguno de los extractos ensayados mostraron actividad frente a Candida albicans y Candida krusei. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron que no hay diferencia significativa entre los solventes de diferentes polaridades con relación a la actividad antimicrobiana frente a S. aureus (P &gt; 0.10), sin embargo, sí se observó diferencia significativa (P &lt; 0.10), entre las especies de Valeriana ensayadas con respecto a la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM).]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Valeriana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[antimicrobial activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phytochemical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Valeriana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[actividad antimicrobiana]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fitoquímica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Venezuela]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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