<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442017000301152</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v65i3.29435</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Strong negative effect of diurnal rainfall on nocturnal activity of a wandering spider in Central Amazonia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Fuerte efecto negativo de las lluvias diurnas sobre la actividad nocturna de una araña errante en la Amazonía Central]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Queiroz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marlus]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gasnier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Thierry R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Amazonas Departamento de Biologia ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Manaus ]]></addr-line>
<country>BR</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2017</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1152</fpage>
<lpage>1160</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442017000301152&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442017000301152&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442017000301152&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[AbstractRainfall is a common phenomenon in tropical forests influencing the behavior of many animals, however, little is known about its post-occurrence effect on behavior. We investigated the effect of diurnal rainfall on the nocturnal activity of the wandering spider species Phoneutria reidyi in nights without rainfall. Our study included two different areas and periods: a coconut plantation, located 108 km from the city of Manaus, containing an area of 80 x 80 m with 105 palms, from July 2014 to July 2015; and an area of 80 x 80 m in a rainforest fragment in Manaus, from December 2015 to March 2016. Each night, we counted active spiders (found outside refugees) searching carefully on the vegetation and on the ground using a headlamp between 19:00-00:00. Spiders were not captured to avoid the effect of disturbance, and were measured by approaching a caliper rule. We used an index to measure the diurnal rainfall effect (DRE) which was the percentage of change in the number of active spiders at night after a diurnal rainfall, considering 100 % the number of spiders active at the previous or following night, without previous rainfall during the day. This pairwise approach was used to avoid seasonal bias and included 15 pairs of nights in the plantation, and 15 pairs in the forest. A total of 2 243 active spiders were counted. The number of active spiders was always smaller in nights after diurnal rainfall, with a mean reduction of 53.4 %. The abundance of active spiders reduced significantly in both areas after a diurnal rainfall, and the effect was not different between areas. Larger spiders (mostly adults) reduced their activity (-62.8 %) more than smaller spiders (juveniles, -48.5 %). The amount of rainfall during the day had no effect on the nocturnal activity, i.e., the effect of strong diurnal rainfall is similar to the effect of a weak rainfall. The air temperature did not change significantly at night after diurnal rainfalls. The seasonality of rainfall apparently has a weak or absent effect on the abundance of P. reidyi, which was approximately constant through one year. We believe that the moisture, which may affect the chemical cues of prey, is the major cause to reduce the active spiders after rainfall, but we discuss other potential causes. Smaller individuals are probably more active under less favorable conditions due to the stronger need of food for growing. If this effect of rainfall on the behavior is common for wandering spiders in general, the rainfall events may have important consequences for the entire community of arthropods and small vertebrates. We suggest that studies based on relative abundance of spiders should take in account this potential effect in collection and analysis of data. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1152-1160. Epub 2017 September 01.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ResumenLa lluvia es un fenómeno común en los bosques tropicales que influye en el comportamiento de muchos animales, sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre su efecto posterior en el comportamiento. Se investigó el efecto de la lluvia diurna sobre la actividad nocturna de la especie de araña errante Phoneutria reidyi en noches sin lluvia, durante un año en una plantación ubicada a 108 km de la ciudad de Manaus, con área de 80 x 80 m y 105 palmeras y durante cuatro meses en un área de 80 x 80 m en un fragmento de selva en Manaus. En cada noche entre 19:00 y 0:00, contamos a las arañas activas (encontradas fuera de refugios) buscando cuidadosamente en la vegetación y en el suelo, usando una linterna de cabeza. Las arañas no fueron capturadas para evitar el efecto de la alteración, y fueron medidas acercándo una regla de calibrar a ellas. Se utilizó un índice para medir el efecto de la lluvia diurna (ELD), que fue el porcentaje de cambio en el número de arañas activas en una noche después de una lluvia diurna considerando el 100 % el número de arañas activas en la noche anterior o siguiente, sin lluvia durante el día. Este enfoque pareado se utilizó para evitar sesgo estacional e incluyó 15 pares de noches en la plantación y 15 pares en la selva. Se contó un total de 2 243 arañas activas. El número de arañas activas fue siempre menor en las noches después de la lluvia diurna, con una reducción media del 53.4 %. La abundancia de arañas activas se redujo significativamente en ambas áreas después de una lluvia diurna, y el efecto no fue diferente entre las áreas. Las arañas mayores (en su mayoría adultos) redujeron su actividad (-62.8 %) más que las arañas menores (juveniles, -48.5 %). La cantidad de lluvia durante el día no tuvo efecto sobre la actividad nocturna, i. e., el efecto lluvias fuertes fue semejante al efecto de las débiles.La temperatura del aire no cambió significativamente en la noche después de lluvias diurnas. La variación de las lluvias durante el año parece tener un efecto débil o ausente en la abundancia de P. reidyi, que fue aproximadamente constante durante un año. Creemos que la humedad, que puede afectar las señales químicas de las presas, es la principal causa para reducir las arañas activas después de la lluvia, pero discutimos otras causas potenciales. Las arañas menores probablemente están más activas en condiciones menos favorables debido a la mayor necesidad de alimento para crecer. Si este efecto de la lluvia sobre el comportamiento es común para las arañas errantes, los eventos de lluvia pueden tener consecuencias importantes para toda la comunidad de artrópodos y pequeños vertebrados. Sugerimos que los estudios basados en la abundancia relativa de arañas deben tener en cuenta este efecto potencial en la recolecta y análisis de datos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Phoneutria reidyi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[rainforest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[behavior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[censuses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[venomous spiders]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Phoneutria reidyi]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[selva tropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[comportamiento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[censos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[araña venenosa]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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