<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442016000401565</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v64i4.22775</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Seedling growth and survival of five tree species in secondary forests and adjacent pastures in the montane rain forests of Southern Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Crecimiento y supervivencia de plántulas de cinco especies de árboles en bosques secundarios y pastizales adyacentes en un bosque lluvioso montano del sur de Costa Rica.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ley-López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avalos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chacón-Madrigal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>CR</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Center for Sustainable Development Studies The School for Field Studies ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Beverly MA]]></addr-line>
<country>US</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Vienna Faculty Centre of Biodiversity ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Vienna]]></addr-line>
<country>AT</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1565</fpage>
<lpage>1583</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000401565&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000401565&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000401565&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:Successful forest restoration in tropical environments is limited by the paucity of studies on the initial establishment and early survival requirements of seedlings of most native tropical tree species under disturbed conditions. Here, we evaluated the initial growth responses and the regeneration potential of seedlings of five tree species native to Costa Rica (Hasseltia floribunda, Inga densiflora, Persea americana, Tapirira mexicana and Trichilia pittieri). Seedlings were grown in secondary forests and adjacent open pastures under contrasting conditions of light availability. We quantified seedling growth, survival and herbivory from August 2010 to August 2011 on a monthly basis, and measured differences in leaf mass per area (LMA) at the end of the experiment. We found significant variation in growth responses between the understory of secondary forests and pastures. Growth in height was highest in pastures across all species, with I. densiflora, P. americana and T. mexicana showing the most striking differences. In contrast, H. floribunda and T. pittieri did not show differences in diameter growth between environments. Except for T. mexicana, herbivory increased throughout the experiment in all the species. Herbivory increased faster in pastures for H. floribunda and T. pittieri and showed higher rates in the forest understory for I. densiflora and P. americana. Seedling survival showed significant differences for all species across environments. Survival of H. floribunda and I. densiflora was higher in secondary forests, whereas the other species showed higher survival in pastures. LMA showed higher values in the pastures across all species, showing that individuals exposed to high light conditions had great photosynthetic rate and great leaf construction capacity. Due to their rapid growth and high survival, I. densiflora and T. mexicana showed great potential to restore abandoned pastures and secondary forests. Increasing our knowledge on the response of seedlings under disturbed conditions in tropical ecosystems is critical for improving the restoration of altered environments by matching the ecological amplitude of native species with specific environmental conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1565-1583. Epub 2016 December 01.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:La restauración exitosa del bosque en ambientes tropicales está limitada por la carencia de estudios sobre los requisitos de hábitat, el establecimiento inicial, y la sobrevivencia de las plántulas de la mayoría de las especies de árboles tropicales nativos. En este estudio, evaluamos las respuestas en el crecimiento inicial y el potencial de regeneración de las plántulas de cinco especies de árboles nativos de Costa Rica (Hasseltia floribunda, Inga densiflora, Persea americana, Tapirira mexicana y Trichilia pittieri). Sembramos las plántulas en bosques secundarios y en pastizales abiertos adyacentes con condiciones de luz contrastantes. Cuantificamos el crecimiento, la supervivencia y el daño por herbivoría de las plántulas de forma mensual entre agosto 2010 y agosto 2011, y medimos las diferencias en el la masa foliar por área de la hoja al final del experimento. Existió una variación significativa en el crecimiento de las plántulas expuestas a la sombra en los bosques secundarios y aquellas que crecieron en pastizales. El crecimiento en altura fue mayor en pastizales en todas las especies; I. densiflora, P. americana y T. mexicana mostraron la mayor diferencia entre ambientes. En con- traste, H. floribunda y T. pittieri no mostraron diferencias en el crecimiento del diámetro entre ambientes. Con la excepción de T. mexicana, todas las especies mostraron un aumento en herbivoría durante el estudio. En los pastizales, el incremento de la herbivoría fue más rápido en H. floribunda y T. pittieri, mientras que para I. densiflora y P. americana fue mayor en el bosque. La sobrevivencia de plántulas fue diferente entre ambientes para todas las especies. La sobrevivencia de H. floribunda e I. densiflora fue mayor en el bosque secundario, mientras que en las demás especies hubo mayor sobrevivencia de plántulas en los pastizales. La masa foliar por área fue mayor en las plántulas que crecieron en los pastizales que en bosque secundario para todas las especies, lo que sugiere que los individuos que crecieron en condiciones de alta incidencia de luz tuvieron mayor tasa fotosintética y mayor capacidad de construcción de la hoja. Debido al rápido crecimiento y alta supervivencia I. densiflora y T. mexicana tienen gran potencial para la restauración de bosques secundarios y pastizales abandonados. Generar información sobre la respuesta de plántulas creciendo en bosques secundarios y pastizales en regeneración es crítico para mejorar los procesos de restauración de ambientes alterados. La restauración de estos bosques depende de la correspondencia entre las condiciones específicas de hábitat y la plasticidad ecológica de las especies nativas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ecological restoration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[leaf mass per area]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pastures]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reforestation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[secondary forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[seedling growth]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[shade tolerance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tree ecology.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[restauración ecológica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[pastizales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[reforestación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[bosque secundario]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[crecimiento de plántulas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[tolerancia a la sombra]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ecología de árboles.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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