<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442016000401553</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v64i4.22734</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Large mammal community composition and density under a disturbance gradient in Northeast Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Composición y densidad de las comunidades de grandes mamíferos bajo un gradiente de alteración en el noreste de Costa Rica.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Khazan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Emily S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Manuel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Canadian Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC) Caño Palma Biological Station ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tortuguero Limón]]></addr-line>
<country>CR</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Oregon State University Department of Integrative Biology ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>US</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1553</fpage>
<lpage>1564</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000401553&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000401553&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000401553&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:Large mammal communities, integral components of Neotropical ecosystems, are increasingly threatened by habitat fragmentation and degradation due to anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Lowland Neotropical palm forests harbor diverse mammal communities, including threatened and endangered species. We monitored three transects in the Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge in Northeast Costa Rica from February 2014 until April 2015 documenting large terrestrial mammal and primate detections. Following established large mammal survey methodology, each transect was walked weekly alternating between early morning and late afternoon to maximize detection. The three transects represent three levels of anthropogenic disturbance with highest disturbance at the Cerro, followed by Caño Palma Biological Station (CPBS), and lowest levels in Tortuguero National Park (TNP). Overall we found higher diversity and increased presence of endangered species in TNP and the lowest diversity and lower presence of those species in the Cerro. Overall we detected 25 species; 19 at the Cerro, 22 in TNP and 23 at CPBS. TNP had the highest diversity as calculated by Simpson index (28.3) followed by CBPS (27.9), and the Cerro had the lowest diversity of mammals (2.27). The most influential species driving the differences of communities between the three transects included the white-lipped and collared peccaries, which were both present in higher densities in transects with lower disturbance and higher levels of protection, and domestic dogs which were present in higher densities at the Cerro. This study has documented baseline densities of large mammal communities in the wildlife refuge which can be used as preliminary data for future comparisons. As development is continuing in the region, including construction of a tourist trail at the Cerro, a continued monitoring is recommended to understand the effect of development on mammal communities. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1553-1564. Epub 2016 December 01.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:Las comunidades de grandes mamíferos, componentes integrales de los ecosistemas neotropicales, se encuentran cada vez más amenazadas debido a la fragmentación del hábitat y a su degradación por presiones antropogénicas y por el cambio climático. Los bosques de palmeras de zonas bajas neotropicales albergan comunidades diversas de mamíferos, incluyendo especies amenazadas y en peligro. Hemos monitoreado tres transectos en el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Barra del Colorado en el noreste de Costa Rica, desde febrero 2014 hasta abril 2015, registrando grandes mamíferos terrestres y primates. Siguiendo métodos establecidos de muestreos de mamíferos grandes, caminábamos cada transecto una vez por semana alternando entre la maña y la tarde para maximizar la detección. Estos tres transectos representan tres niveles de alteración antropogénica, encontrándose la más fuerte en el Cerro, seguido de la Estación Biológica Caño Palma (CPBS) y, con la menor presión, el Parque Nacional Tortuguero (TNP). En general, hemos encontrado una mayor diversidad y mayor presencia de especies en peligro de extinción en TNP y una menor diversidad y una menor presencia de estas especies en el Cerro. En esta investigación, detectamos 25 especies en total; 19 en el Cerro, 22 en el TNP, y 23 en CPBS. TNP tenía el más alto nivel de diversidad según el índice Simpson (28.3) seguido por CBPS (27.9), y el Cerro tenía el nivel de diversidad más bajo (2.27). Las especies que influyen en mayor medida con la diferenciación de las comunidades entre los tres transectos incluyen los pecarís cariblanco y de collar, ambos encontrados en mayor densidad en los transectos con menores alteraciones y altos niveles de protección, y los perros domésticos, los cuales aparecen en mayor densidad en el Cerro. Este estudio sirve de base para documentar las comunidades de grandes mamíferos en el refugio y puede ser usado para futuras comparaciones. Debido al continuo desarrollo de la región, incluyendo la construcción de un sendero para turistas en el Cerro, el monitoreo continuo es imprescindible para el entendimiento de los efectos del desarrollo en las comunidades de mamíferos.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[large mammal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[neotropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tropical forest]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[disturbance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mammal density.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[grandes mamíferos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[neotropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[selva tropical]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perturbación]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[alteración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Costa Rica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[densidad de mamíferos.]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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