<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442016000300955</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v64i3.21464</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Cambios en la cobertura de manglares en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica (1945-2010)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Changes in mangrove coverage in Culebra Bay, North Pacific of Costa Rica (1945-2010).]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benavides-Varela]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Catalina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Samper-Villarreal]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jimena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR) ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>CR</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>CR</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>64</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>955</fpage>
<lpage>964</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000300955&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000300955&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442016000300955&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[ResumenLos manglares tienen gran importancia ecológica, económica, riqueza natural y prestan servicios ambientales. No obstante, son amenazados por la sobreexplotación, la contaminación y el cambio de uso de suelo. Costa Rica tiene manglares en las costas pacífica y caribeña. Según algunos estudios, la cobertura de manglar ha ido disminuyendo desde la década de 1980. Debido a que estos datos no son actualizados y se basan en estimaciones poco precisas, es necesario hacer una valoración de la extensión actual y la variación de la cobertura en los últimos años, que permita determinar cambios. En esta investigación se estudió la cobertura de dos manglares ubicados en Bahía Culebra, Pacífico Norte: Iguanita y Playa Panamá. Se usaron fotografías e imágenes de satélite para un período de 65 años (1945-2010). Se encontraron cambios espaciotemporales en la cobertura de manglar, bosques adyacentes y áreas sin vegetación. Las menores coberturas de manglar se registraron en la década de 1970, pero aumentaron en años posteriores. Los cambios en la cobertura de bosque alrededor de los manglares de Iguanita y Playa Panamá concuerdan con otros análisis históricos sobre el uso del suelo alrededor de Bahía Culebra. Antes de 1980 se dio un aumento de las prácticas de ganadería extensiva e intensiva, lo que aumentó la tasa de deforestación. Después de 1980 se abandonaron estas prácticas y la cobertura de bosque secundario aumentó hasta el año 2000. Para asegurar una adecuada protección de los manglares, es necesario evaluar también las áreas aledañas y establecer zonas de amortiguamiento alrededor, para reducir los impactos futuros.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:Despite the economic and environmental services that mangroves provide, they continue to be threatened by overexploitation, pollution, and land use change. Costa Rica has mangrove areas on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and cover has been declining since the 1980s. However, data on mangrove coverage are not continually updated and are often based on inaccurate estimates. It is therefore necessary to assess the current extension and variation of the mangrove cover in recent years, to determine changes. The mangrove cover was analyzed in two mangrove forests located in Bahía Culebra, North Pacific: Iguanita and Playa Panamá. For this, aerial photographs and satellite imagery were used to study changes for a 65 year period (1945-2010). Spatio-temporal changes were found in mangrove coverage, adjacent forests and areas without vegetation. Lower mangrove cover occurred during the 1970s (28.4 ha in Iguanita and 4.8 ha in Playa Panamá); but increased in recent years (38.9 ha in Iguanita and 12.0 ha in Panamá). Changes in forest cover by the Iguanita and Playa Panama mangroves were related to the history of land use around Bahía Culebra. Before 1980, there was extensive and intensive cattle ranching, increasing the deforestation rate; after that year, these practices were abandoned and secondary forest coverage increased until 2000. To ensure the adequate protection of mangroves, it is not only important to protect mangrove forests, but it is also necessary to establish buffer zones on their surroundings, to mitigate and/or reduce possible impacts. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 955-964. Epub 2016 September 01.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ambientes costeros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[América Central]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cambios]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[cobertura]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fotografías aéreas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[imagen satelital]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[manglares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[SIG]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[aerial photographs]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Central America]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coastal environments]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cover change]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mangroves]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[GIS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[satellite imagery]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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