<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442015000600309</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v63i2.23165</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Immune response of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri: cellular, molecular and physiological approach]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Respuesta inmune del erizo de mar Antártico Sterechinus neumayeri: un enfoque celular, molecular y fisiológico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gonzalez-Aravena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Marcelo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Perez-Troncoso]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Carolina]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Urtubia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rocio]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Machado Cunha da Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Roberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mercado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lorgeril]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Julien De]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bethke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorn]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paschke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Kurt]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Antártico Chileno Departamento Científico ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de São Paulo Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Austral de Chile Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Crustáceos Instituto de Acuicultura]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,UMR Ecology of coastal marine systems ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Montpellier ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Instituto de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Chile</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<fpage>309</fpage>
<lpage>320</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000600309&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000600309&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000600309&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In the Antarctic marine environment, the water temperature is usually between 2 and - 1.9 °C. Consequently, some Antarctic species have lost the capacity to adapt to sudden changes in temperature. The study of the immune response in Antarctic sea urchin (Sterechinus neumayeri) could help us understand the future impacts of global warming on endemic animals in the Antarctic Peninsula. In this study, the Antarctic sea urchins were challenged with lipopolysaccharides and Vibrio alginolitycus. The cellular response was evaluated by the number of coelomocytes and phagocytosis. A significant increase was observed in red sphere cells and total coelomocytes in animals exposed to LPS. A significant rise in phagocytosis in animals stimulated by LPS was also evidenced. Moreover, the gene expression of three immune related genes was measured by qPCR, showing a rapid increase in their expression levels. By contrast, these immune genes showed a depression in their expression by a thermal effect at 5 and 10 °C. In addition, during bacterial injection, the oxygen consumption was higher in challenged animals. Our results showed that the immune response in the Antarctic sea urchin may be affected by acute thermal stress and that this immune response has a metabolic cost. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 2): 309-320. Epub 2015 June 01.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen En el medio ambiente de la Antártica la temperatura del agua es de entre 2 y - 1.9 °C. Por consecuencia ciertas especies han perdido la capacidad de adaptarse a los cambios repentinos de la temperatura del agua. El estudio de la respuesta inmune del erizo antártico (Sterechinus neumayeri) podría ayudar a comprender los futuros impactos en los animales endémicos del cambio climático en la Península Antártica. En este estudio nosotros hemos evaluado la respuesta inmunitaria de S. neumayeri respecto de estimulaciones con bacterias (Lipopolisacáridos y Vibrio alginolitycus) asi como durante el estrés térmico a 5 y 10 °C. La respuesta del erizo fue evaluada en relación al número de celomocitos circulantes, capacidad fagocítica de estos y por el análisis de la expresión de tres genes inmunitarios. Después de la estimulación con LPS un aumento significativo de células esferoidales rojas, de amebocitos fagocíticos y de celomocitos totales fue observado después de las primeras horas de estimulación, de la misma manera que la capacidad fagocítica. Por otra parte los tres genes inmunes medidos mostraron un aumento significativo de su expresión por qPCR después de la estimulación con LPS. El estrés térmico de 5 °C produjo un aumento de la expresión de estos tres genes inmunitarios, por el contrario a una temperatura más alta (10 °C) se produce la reducción de dos de entre ellos. Adicionalmente un aumento del consumo de oxígeno fue observado durante la estimulación bacteriana. Nuestros resultados muestran que la respuesta inmunitaria en el erizo antártico puede ser afectada por el estrés térmico agudo y que la respuesta inmune en invertebrados antárticos tendría un costo metabólico.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sea urchin]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Antarctica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sterechinus neumayeri]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coelomocytes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[phagocytosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[gene expression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Erizo de mar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Antártida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sterechinus neumayeri]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[coelomocytes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[fagocitosis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[expresión genética]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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