<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442015000500219</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15517/rbt.v63i1.23105</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ecosistemas coralinos del Área de Conservación Osa, Costa Rica: estructura y necesidades de conservación]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Osa Conservation Area (Costa Rica) coral ecosystems: structure and conservation needs]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Juan José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beita-Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sebastián]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cindy]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A a"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Gloria]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San Pedro San José]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Museo de Zoología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af4">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Herbario ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af5">
<institution><![CDATA[,Conservación Internacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<fpage>219</fpage>
<lpage>259</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000500219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000500219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000500219&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Costa Rica es considerado uno de los 20 países del mundo con mayor biodiversidad, entre los que destacan sus ecosistemas arrecifales. Más precisamente, el Pacífico Sur, el Área de Conservación Osa, se ha considerado como una de las zonas más diversas en estos ecosistemas. Estos arrecifes han sido estudiados desde inicios de los años 80&#8217;s, pero enfocándose solamente en la cobertura coralinos de estos arrecifes. Por lo tanto, la presente investigación busca realizar una evaluación actualizada y con una metodología estándar él estado de varios componentes de los sistemas arrecifales de esta región. Entre el 2013 y el 2014, se visitaron cinco localidades: Dominicalito, Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Península de Osa y Golfo Dulce, donde se evaluaron 27 sitios. En ellos se realizó la evaluación, a dos profundidades, de: cobertura del fondo, rugosidad del arrecife, diversidad y densidad de macroinvertebrados, así como la diversidad y biomasa de peces arrecifales. En términos generales los arrecifes de ACOSA, son moderadamente complejos y en ellos predominan el tapete algal (62.7%), mientras que la cobertura de coral vivo es moderada (16.5%). Se observó una diferencia entre la cobertura de tipos de sustratos por localidad, la cual puede estar atribuida a condiciones ambientales adversas (i.e. sedimentación, contaminación) para su desarrollo. Sin embargo, los arrecifes coralinos de Golfo Dulce e Isla del Caño muestran una notable recuperación al compararla con estudios previos. Se observaron 35 taxa de macroinvertebrados en los sitios estudiados, en su mayoría (58%) fueron poco abundantes u ocasionales. La mayor diversidad y densidad de macroinvertebrados se observó en Golfo Dulce y se determinaron diferencias significativas entre localidades. Este estudio brinda una línea base para muchos de estos organismos en varios de los sitios. Los equinoideos Diadema mexicanum y Eucidaris thouarsii fueron los organismos predominantes, y se reporta el cambute (Lobatus galeatus) en varios de los sitios de muestreo. De las 90 especies de peces, 10 fueron las de mayor ocurrencia y densidad. No hubo diferencias significativas en la diversidad y riqueza de especies de peces observadas entre localidades, pero si en la biomasa y en la composición de la comunidad íctica entre los sitios. Los sitios de la Isla del Caño fueron los más diversos de toda ACOSA, presentan biomasas importantes y de niveles tróficos altos. Mientras que Golfo Dulce difirió con respecto a las demás localidades. Según los resultados observados, los arrecifes de ACOSA presentan una alta biodiversidad. Las condiciones del de los ecosistemas indican que más esfuerzos de conservación, uso sostenible y manejo efectivo de loa recursos en tierra como en el mar deben ser implementados. El monitoreo ecológico va a proveer de la información sobre las tendencias y las relaciones entre el estado de los ecosistemas arrecifales y las condiciones ambientales.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Costa Rica is considered one of the 20 most biodiverse countries in the world, which includes it´s well known reefs ecosystems. Specifically, the South Pacific region, the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), holds one of the richest reefs of the country. Even though many of these reefs have been studied since the 1980´s, most of them had focused mainly on coral cover condition. Therefore, the present research aims to complete and update an evaluation of the main biological components of ACOSA´s reefs ecosystems, using a standard methodology. Between 2013 and 2014, five localities were visited: Dominicalito, Marino Ballena National Park, Caño Island Biological Reserve, Osa Peninsula and Golfo Dulce, on which 27 sites were evaluated. Transects at two depths in each site were done to estimate substrate cover, reef rugosity, macroinvertebrates diversity and density, and reef fishes composition and biomass. Results indicate that ACOSA´s reef are moderately complex and on most of them the substrate is dominated by turf (62.7%) and live coral cover is moderate (16.5%). Substrate cover was significantly different between localities, which can be attributed to adverse environmental conditions for reef development (e.g. sedimentation, pollution). However, reefs in Golfo Dulce and Caño Island BR showed a significant coral cover recovery since last studied. Of 35 taxa of macroinvertebrates identified, 58% had low abundance or were observed occasionally. Golfo Dulce presented the highest diversity and density of macroinvertebrates and significant differences were observed between localities. On this group, this study is providing an information baseline of most sites analyzed. The echinoids Diadema mexicanum and Eucidaris thouarsii were the most abundant and the conch (Lobatus galeatus) was reported for many of the sites. Of the 90 species of reef fishes documented, ten were common and with the highest densities. There were no significant differences in the diversity and richness of the reef fishes between localities, but fishes&#8217; biomass and composition of fish community were different between sites. Caño Island´s sites were the most diverse of ACOSA, and presented the highest biomass and trophic levels of the region. Golfo Dulce´s reef fish composition differs from the other localities. According to the results, ACOSA´s reef ecosystems have a high biodiversity. The ecosystems conditions observed indicate that more conservation efforts, sustainable use and effective management of land and marine resources should be implemented. Ecological monitoring will provide the information about trends and the relationship between reef ecosystems state and environmental conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 219-259. Epub 2015 April 01.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Comunidad coralina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[arrecife]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[biomasa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[diversidad]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[abundancia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pacífico Tropical Oriental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Coral community]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[reef]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biomass]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[diversity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[abundance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Eastern Tropical Pacific]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Robertson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific.]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Hawaii ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Hawaii University Press.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Equinodermos del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Pacífico, Costa Rica.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<numero>^sSupl. 3</numero>
<issue>^sSupl. 3</issue>
<supplement>Supl. 3</supplement>
<page-range>275-84</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nivia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comunidades y arrecifes coralinos del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ciencias Marinas]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>641-51</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chiriboga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distribución y abundancia de equinodermos en las aguas someras de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (Pacífico Oriental)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>^sSupl. 2</numero>
<issue>^sSupl. 2</issue>
<supplement>Supl. 2</supplement>
<page-range>99-111</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Water quality conditions on coral reefs at the Marino Ballena National Park, Pacific Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of Marine Science]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>84</volume>
<page-range>137-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Herrera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Corrales]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Paaby]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Identificación de las prioridades de conservación de la biodiversidad marina y costera en Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>59</volume>
<page-range>829-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ayala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez del Castillo-Cárdenas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguirre-Rubí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Buitrago]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes-Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coral communities of San Juan del Sur, Pacific Nicaragua.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of Marine Science]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<month>b</month>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>129-46</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Esquivel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Costa Rica&#8217;s Marine Protected Areas: status and perspectives]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>129-42</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distribution and diversity of echinoderms (Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) in the Islands of the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>47</volume>
<page-range>13-22</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reyes-Bonilla]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reconstruction of Diadema mexicanum A. Agassiz, 1863 bioerosion impact on three Costa Rican Pacific coral reefs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<month>b</month>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl. 2</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl. 2</issue>
<supplement>Suppl. 2</supplement>
<page-range>121-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Álvarez-Filip]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Côté]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gill]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Watkinson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dulvy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. K]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Region-wide temporal and spatial variation in Caribbean reef architecture: is coral cover the whole story?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Global Change Biology]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>2470-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aronson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Precht]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Landscape patterns of reef coral diversity: A test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<volume>192</volume>
<page-range>1-14</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arroyo-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Características poblacionales del cambute, Strombus galeatus (Gastropoda: Strombidae) en el Parque Marino Ballena, Pacífico, Costa Rica (1999-2003)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>56</volume>
<numero>^sSupl. 4</numero>
<issue>^sSupl. 4</issue>
<supplement>Supl. 4</supplement>
<page-range>113-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bakus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quantitative Analysis of Marine Biological Communities: Field Biology and Environment]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[New Jersey ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Wiley-Interscience.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Benfield]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Baxter]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mair]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparison of coral reef and coral community fish assemblages in Pacific Panama and environmental factors governing their structure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>88</volume>
<page-range>1331-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="confpro">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bezy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[León]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gillén]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mejía]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Contrasting Psammocora-dominated coral communities in Costa Rica, tropical eastern Pacific]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<conf-name><![CDATA[ Proceeding of 10th International Coral Reef Symposium]]></conf-name>
<conf-loc>Okinawa </conf-loc>
<page-range>376-81</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bussing]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[López]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Fishes collected during the Victor Hensen Costa Rica expedition (1993/1994)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>^sSupl. 3</numero>
<issue>^sSupl. 3</issue>
<supplement>Supl. 3</supplement>
<page-range>183-186.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Evaluación de la pesca artesanal del Golfo Dulce (Informe Final de Proyecto)]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[CIMAR, Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warwick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A further biodiversity index applicable to species lists: variation in taxonomic distinctness]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Marine Ecology Progress Series]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>216</volume>
<page-range>265-78</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Clarke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gorley]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[PRIMER v6: User manual]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Plymouth, U.K. ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[PRIMER-E Ltd]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cooper]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gilmour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fabricius]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Bioindicators of changes in water quality on coral reefs: review and recommendations for monitoring programmes]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Coral Reefs]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>28</volume>
<page-range>589-606</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<collab>CoopeSoliDar</collab>
<source><![CDATA[Estudio Regional sobre las Dimensiones Sociales en el Manejo de Áreas Marinas Protegidas: Casos en Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras y Panamá]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[International Collective in Support of Fishworkers.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murillo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Comunidades coralinas y arrecifes del Pacífico de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>197-202</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The coral reefs of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: distribution and community structure]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Atoll Research Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<volume>344</volume>
<page-range>1-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los arrecifes coralinos del Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: Aspectos Geológicos]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Geológica de América Central]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>15-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los arrecifes coralinos del Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica: aspectos ecológicos.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>19-26</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coastal-marine environments of Parque Nacional Corcovado, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl. 3</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl. 3</issue>
<supplement>Suppl. 3</supplement>
<page-range>35-40</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Organismos de los arrecifes coralinos de Costa Rica: Descripción, distribución geográfica e historia natural de los corales zooxantelados (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) del Pacífico]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>55-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[American Coral Reefs]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier Science B.V]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific of Costa Rica: history, research and status]]></article-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Latin American Coral Reefs]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<page-range>361-85</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Amsterdam ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Elsevier Science B.V]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Breedy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fernández]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Segura]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ruiz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ambientes y organismos marinos de la Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño, Área de Conservación Osa, Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Nature Conservancy.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Status and conservation of coral reefs in Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>58</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl. 1</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl. 1</issue>
<supplement>Suppl. 1</supplement>
<page-range>33-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominici-Arosemena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brugnoli-Olivera]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CortésNúñez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Molina-Ureña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada-Alpízar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Community structure of eastern Pacific reef fishes (Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Tecnociencia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>7</volume>
<page-range>19-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dominici-Arosemena]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Reef fish community structure in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Panama): living on a relative stable rocky environment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Helgoland Marine Research]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<page-range>287-305.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Edgar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Banks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Farinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J .M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calvopinha]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Regional biogeography of shallow reef fish and macroinvertebrate communities in the Galapagos archipelago]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Biogeography]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>1107-24</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Espinoza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Estructura de las comunidades de peces de arrecife en las Islas Catalinas y Playa Ocotal, Pacífico Norte de Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>53</volume>
<page-range>523-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dean]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Noncolonial coral macroborers as indicators of coral reef stress in the south Pacific of Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>101-15</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedlander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DeMartini]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Contrasts in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and the main Hawaiian Islands: the effects of fishing down apex predators.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Marine Ecology Progress Series]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>230</volume>
<page-range>253-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Friedlander]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zgliczynski]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ballesteros]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[AburtoOropeza]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bolaños]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>60</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl. 3</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl. 3</issue>
<supplement>Suppl. 3</supplement>
<page-range>321-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Giorgi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Climate change hot-spots]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Geophysical Research Letters]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>L08707</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Druffel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Dunbar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. B]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A dead Central American coral reef tract: possible link with the Little Ice Age]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Marine Research]]></source>
<year>1983</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>605-37</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Richmond]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Glynn]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Efectos del fenómeno de &#8220;El NiñoOscilación Sureña&#8221; 1982-83 en los arrecifes coralinos de la Isla del Caño, Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<volume>35</volume>
<page-range>325-32</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coral reef community structure at Caño Island, Pacific Costa Rica]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[P.S.Z.N.I: Marine Ecology]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>23-41</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Distribución y abundancia de organismos coralívoros en los arrecifes coralinos de la Isla del Caño, Costa Rica.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>36</volume>
<page-range>191-207</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Changes in reef community structure after fifteen years of natural disturbances in the eastern Pacific (Costa Rica)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of Marine Sciences]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>133-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guzmán-Mora]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnóstico de la composición de capturas de la pesca artesanal de Golfo Dulce, Pacífico Sur, Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Pedro, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hutchings]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Biological destruction of coral reefs. A review]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Coral Reefs]]></source>
<year>1986</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<page-range>239-52</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Effects of the 19911992 El Niño on scleractinian corals of the Costa Rican central Pacific coast]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl. 2</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl. 2</issue>
<supplement>Suppl. 2</supplement>
<page-range>239-250.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jiménez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coral cover change associated to El Niño, eastern Pacific, Costa Rica, 1992-2001.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[P.S.Z.N.: Marine Ecology]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>179-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kremen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Merenlender]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ecological monitoring: a vital need for integrated conservation and development programs in the tropics]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Conservation Biology]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<page-range>388-97</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Habitat complexity and consumermediated positive feedbacks on a Caribbean coral reef]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Oikos]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>112</volume>
<page-range>442-7</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ocean acidification hot spots: Spatiotemporal dynamics of the seawater CO2 system of eastern Pacific coral reefs]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Limnology and Oceanography]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<month>a</month>
<volume>55</volume>
<page-range>239-48</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Manzello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Coral growth with thermal stress and ocean acidification: lessons from the eastern tropical Pacific]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Coral Reefs]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
<month>b</month>
<volume>29</volume>
<page-range>749-58</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McCook]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jompa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Díaz-Pulido]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Competition between corals and algae on coral reefs: a review of evidence and mechanisms]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Coral Reefs]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>400-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Neelin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Münnich]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Su]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meyerson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Holloway]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>103</volume>
<page-range>6110-5</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Obando-Acuña]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Biodiversidad en Costa Rica: estado del conocimiento y gestión]]></source>
<year>2002</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Heredia, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada-Alpízar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Los ecosistemas marinos del Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica: estado del conocimiento y perspectivas de manejo.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<page-range>101-45</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Quesada-Alpízar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fonseca]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Características hidrográficas y biológicas de la zona marino-costera del área de conservación OSA. Serie Técnica: Apoyando los esfuerzos en manejo y protección de la biodiversidad tropical.]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Nature Conservancy.]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B59">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rogers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garrison]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grober]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hillis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Z. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Franke]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Manual para el monitoreo de arrecifes de coral en el Caribe y el Atlántico occidental]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Islas Vírgenes ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[The Nature Conservancy, World Wild Fund]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B60">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Figueroa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Caracterización de la ictiofauna de los sustratos duros de la parte interna del Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San Pedro, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B61">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarado]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Lista de peces costeros del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Costa Rica, con anotaciones sobre su ecología.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Brenesia]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>43-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B62">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ross-Salazar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Arias]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Diagnóstico de áreas marinas protegidas y áreas marinas para la pesca responsable en el Pacífico costarricense]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[San José, Costa Rica ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Fundación MarViva]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B63">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sánchez-Godínez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Montero-Cordero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Peces marinos de la Reserva Biológica Isla del Caño: Estructura de las comunidades y lista actualizada]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>^sSuplemento 1</numero>
<issue>^sSuplemento 1</issue>
<supplement>Suplemento 1</supplement>
<page-range>97-116</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B64">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sammarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition and biological disturbance]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<page-range>245-472</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B65">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sammarco]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. W]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Echinoid grazing as a structure force in coral communities: whole reef manipulations]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<volume>61</volume>
<page-range>31-55</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B66">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Spurgeon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. P]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The economic valuation of coral reefs.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Marine Pollution Bulletin]]></source>
<year>1992</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<page-range>529-36</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B67">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Velarde]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Monitoreo de Biodiversidad]]></source>
<year>2004</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lima, Perú ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B68">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wehrtmann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I. S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cortés]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Berlin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Monographiae Biologicae, Springer+Business Media B.V]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B69">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Weinberg]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A comparison of coral reef survey methods]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<page-range>199-218</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B70">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wolff]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Demersal fish assemblages along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica: a quatitative and multivariate assessment based on the Victor Hensen Costa Rica Expedition (1993/1994)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>^sSuppl. 1</numero>
<issue>^sSuppl. 1</issue>
<supplement>Suppl. 1</supplement>
<page-range>187-214</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B71">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yoccoz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nichols]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boulinier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Monitoring of biological diversity in space and time]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Trends on Ecology and Evolution]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>16</volume>
<page-range>446-53</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
