<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442015000401197</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Biología floral y reproductiva de Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) en los Andes orientales de Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Floral and reproductive biology of Vaccinium meridionale (Ericaceae) in the Eastern Andes of Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chamorro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fermín J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nates-Parra]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Guiomar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas-LABUN Departamento de Biología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Bogotá]]></addr-line>
<country>CO</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Abejas-LABUN Departamento de Biología]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Bogotá]]></addr-line>
<country>CO</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>63</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>1197</fpage>
<lpage>1212</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000401197&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000401197&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442015000401197&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen:Vaccinium meridionale es una planta silvestre productora de frutos comestibles en las áreas montañosas del norte de Suramérica. Sin embargo, no hay información suficiente sobre su sistema reproductivo, lo cual es fundamental para su manejo y conservación dado que sus frutos son extraídos de forma no sostenible y hay un creciente interés en establecer la especie como cultivo. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron estudiar la biología floral y reproductiva de V. meridionale en condiciones naturales y analizar la importancia de los polinizadores en su reproducción. Para esto se realizaron observaciones y experimentos para describir su morfología y fenología floral, viabilidad de polen, receptividad de estigma, relación polen óvulo y producción de néctar. Para estudiar su sistema reproductivo se realizaron experimentos de emasculación, exclusión de polinizadores y polinización manual (autopolinización y polinización cruzada). El estudio se realizó con dos poblaciones silvestres de V. meridionale ubicadas en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, en la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Se encontró que aunque las flores tienen anteras poricidas la liberación del polen se da fácilmente sin vibración. V. meridionale presenta un gran despliegue y larga longevidad floral y hay un sesgo en la producción de néctar hacia la función femenina. Se estimó una relación polen/óvulo de 571±133, lo que clasifica a la especie como xenógama facultativa. Este resultado coincidió con los experimentos de polinización ya que en las dos poblaciones estudiadas las plantas produjeron frutos por agamospermia, autogamia y xenogamia. No obstante, se observó una fuerte depresión por endogamia manifestada en altas tasas de aborto de frutos producidos por autogamia a diferencia de los frutos provenientes de polinización cruzada que fueron retenidos por la planta desde su formación. Los rasgos florales presentados por la especie se consideran mecanismos para favorecer un gremio más diverso de visitantes florales que sólo los insectos capaces de polinización por vibración. Además, estos rasgos florales pueden aumentar la probabilidad de polinización y disminuir la geitonogamia. Igualmente la depresión por endogamia sugiere que la especie busca mantener el entrecruzamiento como su principal estrategia reproductiva. Por lo tanto, los polinizadores, en particular las abejas son fundamentales para la reproducción de V. meridionale y en consecuencia su conservación es esencial para mantener la variabilidad genética y oferta de frutos de esta especie.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract:Vaccinium meridionale is a wild plant producing edible fruits in the mountain areas of Northern South America. However, the fruits of this species has been under an unsustainable extraction and there is a growing interest of establishing this species as a crop; nevertheless, the information about its breeding system is scarce, which is essential for its sustainable management and conservation. This research aimed to study the floral and reproductive biology of V. meridionale in natural conditions, and to analyze the importance of pollinators on its reproduction, in two wild populations of V. meridionale in the states of Cundinamarca and Boyacá, in the Oriental Cordillera of Colombia. For this, we have made different observations and experiments to describe its flower morphology, floral phenology, pollen viability, stigma receptivity, pollen-ovule ratio and nectar production. To study its reproductive system, we performed experiments of flower emasculation, pollinator exclusion and hand pollination (self-and cross-pollination). We found that although the flowers have poricidal anthers, the release of pollen could occur easily without vibration. V. meridionale shows a large floral display, long floral longevity and has female-biased nectar production. The pollen-ovule ratio was of 571±133, which classified the species as facultative xenogamy. This result agreed with the pollination experiments because the plants produced fruits by agamospermy, selfing and outcrossing. However, we registered a strong inbreeding depression, observed in high rates of fruit abortions, after self-pollination. Unlike of self-pollinating fruits, the plant retains those produced by cross-pollination since its formation. The floral traits showed by this species are mechanisms to favor a more diverse guild of floral visitors than only insects able to buzz-pollination. In addition, these floral traits may enhance the pollination probability, and reduce geitonogamy. Moreover, the inbreeding depression suggests that V. meridionale promotes outcrossing as its main reproductive strategy. Therefore, pollinators, particularly bees, are essential for this species reproduction and conservation, and are critical in the maintenance of its genetic variability and fruits production.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[abejas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[agamospermia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[depresión por endogamia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[geitonogamia]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[polinización por vibración]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[producción de néctar]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Vaccinium meridionale]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[agamospermy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bees]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[buzz pollination]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[geitonogamy]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[inbreeding depression]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nectar production]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Vaccinium meridionale]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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