Oaxaca hosts one of the greatest biodiversity in México, occupying first place in avian diversity compared to other regions of the country. However, the area is undergoing serious problems such as high deforestation rates, soil erosion and over exploitation and extinction of species. These factors have all contributed to the current loss of biodiversity. Also, biological inventories are still incomplete. One of the least explored sites is the semiarid zone of Tehuantepec isthmus, around the locality of Santa Maria del Mar, Oaxaca, México. The area includes floodable grasslands, mangrove areas and dry forest, providing a range of potential habitats for different species. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of temporal lakes on spatial and temporal composition of the avifauna in Santa Maria del Mar, in order to generate information regarding this group within the region and the state, and to understand the importance of flood areas for resident and transitory birds. We conducted 12 avifauna surveys between July 2006 and June 2008, and established two transects of 2km length in each of four habitat types (beach, grassland, dry forest, and mangrove). We found a total of 75 species, corresponding to 16 orders and 30 families. Within an area of 26km2, we significantly found 10.1% of the total number of bird species recorded for the entire state, and 6.6% of the total reported in Mexico. The families most represented were: Ardeidae, Laridae and Scolopacidae. Over the entire study period, dry forest was the most diverse habitat; followed by mangrove, grassland and the beach. Of all the species recorded, 38.6% were found at the edge or in the temporal lakes. We found a significant difference in species composition between seasons in the grassland, but no difference in the other habitats. Our results showed a significant effect of temporary lakes on avian diversity during the wet season; it also demonstrated the importance of grassland conservation given its relevance for presence of waterbirds. We suggested a continued and more intense monitoring; and proposed the designation of the area as an important Conservation Bird Area (AiCA).
Key words: bird diversity, important Conservation Bird Area, AiCA, season effect, waterbirds, water bodies.
Resumen
Oaxaca alberga una biodiversidad de las más grandes en México, ocupando el primer lugar en diversidad de aves si se le compara con otras regiones del país. Sin embargo, el área sufre serios problemas tales como altas ]]>
km2, de manera significativa registramos el 10.1% del total de aves registradas para todo el estado y el 6.6% del total de especies registradas para México. Las familias mejor representadas fueron: Ardeidae, Laridae y Scolopacidae. Para todo el periodo de estudio, la selva seca fue el hábitat más diverso, seguido por el manglar, el pastizal abierto y la playa. Del total de especies registradas, el 38.6% se encontraron en el borde o ]]>
Palabras clave: diversidad de aves, área de importancia para la conservación de las aves, Oaxaca, efecto estacional, aves acuáticas, cuerpos de agua.
Mexico is considered ]]>
Several studies of ]]>
One of the least explored sites is found in the semiarid zone of Tehuantepec isthmus, on the peninsula located to the South of the Mar Tileme, around the locality of Santa María del Mar. The zone could have an enormous potential as a ]]>
Material and Methods
Study site: The study zone covers an area of 26km2 around the locality of Santa María del Mar (16°14’7” - 16º12’46” N and 94°53’9” - 94º48’15” W) in the municipality of Juchitán de Zaragoza, in Oaxaca state, Mexico. it is located between a coastal lake (Mar Tileme) and the Pacific Ocean. The town is inhabited by 862 people of indigenous (Huave) origin (instituto Nacional de ]]>
Four habitat types are available for the avifauna in the area 1) beach, characterized as the limit between the continental zone and the ocean, with scarce plant cover and the presence of non-consolidated sand dunes; 2) extensive zones of grassland, with the dominant species Jouvea pilosa ]]>
Opuntia tehuantepecana and O. decumbens; these areas are used for cattle husbandry; 3) dry forest areas, with species such as Cordia curassavica, Hippomane mancinella and Amphipterygium adstringens; and 4) small patches of mangroves, with species such as Conocarpus erecta ]]>
and Rhizophora mangle (vargas, 2000; Pérez-García, Meave, & Gallardo, 2001; Rzedowski, 2006).
A total of twelve visits were made to the site between June 2006 and December 2008. Each visit lasted a minimum of eight consecutive days. Monitoring was made through variable-width line transects (Sutherland, 2006). Two observation ]]>
For each observed individual or group, the following parameters were recorded: transect, habitat type, coordinates, perpendicular distance ]]>
Scientific ]]>
Well defined bird clusters were considered as one record. Birds recorded in flight were excluded, in order to avoid bias caused by species that present seasonal migration. A species was considered to be associated with the temporal lakes if it was recorded on or at the edge of any temporal wetland. in order to determine whether the sampling effort was representative of the avifaunal richness, a species accumulation curve was generated using ]]>
Species were classified into the seasonal categories of resident breeder, summer resi- dent, transient migrant, non-breeding visitor, and winter visitor according to Howell & Webb (1995). in addition, species were categorized in terms of ]]>
Species included in any category of protection according to Mexican legislation (Secretaría de Medio ]]>
Alpha diversity was calculated using the diversity Simpson index for each habitat type in each season. Similarity between habitat types was calculated using quantitative ]]>
All analyses were conducted using the software R (R Core Team, 2014), with the packages “R Commander” (Fox, 2005), “vegan” (Oksanen et al., 2014) and “fossil” (vavrek, 2011).
Results
We found a total of 75 species over the course of the study (Table 1), representing 16 orders and 30 families. The most represented family was Ardeidae, with seven species, followed by Laridae and Scolopacidae. According to the Chao estimator, the maximum value for species in the area is 85, which indicates that ]]>
Among the four habitat types, the grass-land presented the greatest species richness, with 74.6% (n=56) of the species observed in the entire area; it was followed by the dry forest with 52% (n=39), the mangrove with 49.3% (n=37), and the beach with 28% (n=21) of the total species. However, the analysis of the richness between seasons revealed ]]>
]]>
Regarding species seasonality, 54.6% (n=41) of the total number of species recorded were permanent residents, while 34.6% (n=26) were winter visitors, and 9.3% (n=7) were transient migrant species. in terms of foraging guild, the most common was that of the insectivores (33.3% of the total number of species, n=25), followed by the omnivores (24%, n=18). The least common were the piscivores (8%, n=6), along with carnivores and carrion eaters (10.6%, n=8), and granivores (5.3%, n=4). ]]>
Regarding protected status, 10.6% (n=8) of the recorded species are included within the NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 under the category of “special protection”. According to the iUCN and to BirdLife international, only 2.6% (n=2) of the recorded species are included in the category Near Threatened (NT), while 18.6% (n=14) of the recorded species are found cataloged within the appendices of CiTES (
Table 1).
According to the abundance analysis, the most abundant species over the course of the entire study were: Pitangus sulphuratus (0.0465±0.0477 individuals/ha), Aimophila rufescens ]]>
Calocitta formosa (0.0455±0.0372 ind/ha), while the least abundant species were Falco peregrinus (0.0002±0.0035 ind/ha) and Trogon citreolus (0.0005±0.0074 ind/ha, Table 1). Analyzing each ]]>
Eudocimus albus (0.0625±0.0541 ind/ha), Aimophila rufescens (0.0589±0.0813 ind/ha) and Pelecanus erythrorhynchos (0.0575±0.0820 ind/ha); while the most abundant species during the dry season were Larus pipixcan (0.0599±0.0805 ind/ha), Calocitta ]]>
(0.0520±0.0325 ind/ha) and Colinus virginianus (0.0409±0.0340 ind/ha).
Diversity analysis using the diversity Simpson index revealed that over the entire study period, the most diverse habitat was the dry forest (invD=0.9508), followed by mangrove (invD=0.9480), grassland (invD=0.9386) and beach ]]>
Comparing habitats over the entire ]]>
J) and Sorenson (cS) coefficients, the highest similarity was found between the grassland and mangrove (J=0.6395, qS=0.7801), followed by grassland and dry forest (J=0.5282, qS=0.6913). The beach was least similar to the other available habitats. Similarity analysis between ]]>
J=0.6893, qS=0.8161), followed by grassland and dry forest (J=0.4075, qS=0.5791). Once again, the beach presented the greatest dissimilarity with the other avail- able habitat types. During the dry season, the most similar habitats were the dry forest and the grassland (J=0.5186, ]]>
qS=0.6830), followed by dry forest and mangrove (J=0.1940, qS=0.3250), while the beach was again the least similar to the other available habitat types.
Of all the species recorded, 38.6% ]]>
Comparison of each ]]>
Discussion
This was the first study on the spatial and temporal composition of avifauna to be conducted in this zone, and therefore makes a valuable contribution to the knowledge of bird diversity in the Tehuantepec isthmus. The study also represents a contribution to the knowledge regarding birds of the Southern Pacific coast of Mexico ]]>
km2) of the study zone, which represents less than 1% of the total area of Oaxaca (93 793km2). intensification of the monitoring could reveal increased richness, considering that species in flight and nocturnal species were not included in our study.
Given the scarcity of published studies about the avifauna in the Tehuantepec isthmus, literature regarding this group in other regions of the state was reviewed. in this context, the number of species (113) reported by vázquez, ]]>
It was clear that the community of birds present in the zone were heavily influenced, in terms of both specific composition and abundance, by the presence of avifauna from coastal or aquatic zones. The most abundant species were those ]]>
We propose that the grassland and the temporal lakes represent a conservation priority since they sustain an important diversity of birds between the seasons. importance of the lakes as feeding, resting and reproduction sites has been widely reported (Ntiamoa-Baidu, Nyame, & Nuoh, 2000; Hattori & Mae, 2001; Zárate-Ovando, Palacios, & ]]>
It is ]]>
The only species that was considered rare in our study was the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), since it was only recorded on two occasions. This was a valuable finding that provides an update on the current distribution of ]]>
Across the region, extraction of wildlife for food, pets or sale to third parties are com- mon; these activities are related to deeply rooted traditions and to the conditions of marginalization and poverty that are prevalent in the zone (vargas, 2000; Carrillo-Reyes et al., 2010). Bird species such as Dendrocygna autumnalis, Burhinus bistriatus, ]]>
These strategies, supported by more intensive monitoring, could include the maintenance of patches of vegetation typical of each of the habitats present, and ]]>
Acknowledgments
]]>
We are very grateful to the community and municipal authorities of Santa María del Mar, Oaxaca for their support during the course of this study. We thank idea Wild for their kind donation of field equipment. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.
]]>
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1. Sustentabilidad y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Libramiento Nte. Pte. 1150, Col. Lajas Maciel, C.P. 27000, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México; tamararioja@gmail.com, arturocarrilloreyes@gmail.com, eduardo.espinoza@unicach.mx 2. Oikos: Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable, A.C., Calle Bugambilias 5, Col. Bismark, C.P. 29267, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, México.
Received 14-I-2014. Corrected 25-VI-2014. Accepted 29-VII-2014.
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