Bio-filtration capacity, oxygen consumption and ammonium excretion of Dosinia ponderosa and Chione gnidia (Veneroida: Veneridae) from areas impacted and non-impacted by shrimp aquaculture effluents
Bio-filtración, consumo de oxígeno y excreción amoniacal de Dosinia ponderosa y Chione gnidia(Veneroida: Veneridae), en áreas impactadas y no impactadas por efluentes de granjas camaroneras
Karime Ramos-Corella1*, Luis Rafael Martínez-Córdova2*, Luis ]]>
2, Anselmo Miranda-Baeza3* & José Antonio López-Elías2
Abstract
Mollusks are some of the most important, abundant and diverse organisms inhabiting not only aquatic ecosystems, but also terrestrial environments. Recently, they have been used for bioremediation of aquaculture effluents; nevertheless, for that purpose it is necessary to analyze the capacity of a particular species. In this context, an experimental investigation was developed ]]>
C. gnidia and D. ponderosa, collected from areas with or without shrimp aquaculture effluents. For this, the filtration capacity (as clearance rate) as well as the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates were measured following standard methods. The clearance rate was significantly higher for D. ponderosa from impacted areas, ]]>
C. gnidia, from both areas. Contrarily, the oxygen consumption was greater for C. gnidia from impacted areas compared to D. ]]>
from both areas. The same tendency was observed for the ammonia excretion with the highest rates observed for C. gnidia from impacted areas, whereas no differences were observed among D. ]]>
from both areas. The results suggest that both species developed different strategies to thrive and survive under the impacted conditions; D. ponderosa improved its filtration efficiency, while C. ]]>
modified its oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. We concluded that both species, and particularly D. ponderosa, can be used for bioremediation purposes.
Los moluscos son ]]>
Recientemente ellos han sido utilizados para la biorremediación de efluentes acuícolas; para este propósito, es necesario conocer la capacidad de especies particulares que funcionan como biorremediadores. En este contexto, se evaluó la eficiencia de filtración (medida como tasa de clarificación), así como las tasas de consumo de ]]>
C. gnidia recolectados en áreas impactadas y no impactadas por efluentes de granjas camaroneras. La tasa de clarificación fue mayor para D. ponderosa
procedente de áreas impactadas, comparada con la de C. fluctifraga en las dos áreas de recolecta. Contrariamente, la tasa de consumo de oxígeno fue superior en C. gnidia en las áreas impactadas al compararla con organismos de áreas no impactadas y con D. ponderosa de las dos áreas de recolecta. La tasa de excreción amoniacal siguió una tendencia similar con valores más altos para C. gnidia en áreas impactadas, mientras que no se observaron diferencias para D. ponderosa entre las áreas de recolecta. Los resultados sugieren que ambas especies desarrollan diferentes estrategias para adaptarse y sobrevivir bajo condiciones de impacto; D. ponderosa mejora su eficiencia de filtración y C. gnidia
modifica su consumo de oxígeno y excreción amoniacal. Se concluye que ambas especies, pero sobre todo D. ponderosa pueden ser utilizadas con propósitos de biorremediación.
Palabras clave: acuacultura, ]]>
Aquaculture has continued growing world- wide in the new century. In only 50 years, its production passed from being almost insignificant to be equivalent to the fishery industry, and in 2010 it reached ]]>
Despite their evident benefits, aquaculture is one of the most criticized activities world- wide, mainly because of the environmental impacts produced by their effluents in the receiving ecosystems, and causing eutrophication, hyper-nutrification, burrowing of benthic communities and the constant occurrence of epizooties (Martínez-Córdova, Martínez-Porchas, & ]]>
Many strategies have been proposed or proven to minimize the effect of aquacul- ture effluents including: sedimentation lagoons (Martínez-Córdova & Enriquez-Ocaña, 2007), low or zero water exchange (Balasubramanian, Pillai, & Ravichandran, ]]>
One of the most promising ]]>
]]>
Mollusks are some of the most important, abundant and diverse organisms inhabiting not only aquatic ecosystems, but also terrestrial environments. In particular, bivalves are exclusively aquatic and most of them are filter- feeders; this means that they fed by filtration of water from which retain the organic nutritive portion, and discriminate and bio-deposit the inorganic fraction. Such capacity, make some bivalves good candidates for effluents bioremediation of aquaculture activities (Chavez- Croker & Oberque-Contreras, 2010).
The Gulf of California in Northwestern Mexico has a great diversity of bivalve mollusks (Keen, 1971); some of them have been evaluated as prospects for bioremediation of aquaculture effluents. Peña-Messina et al. (2009) evaluated the physiological filtration variables for Crassostrea ]]>
and Anadara tuberculosa farmed in shrimp aquaculture effluents, and found that both species are good candidates to be considered for use as biofilters in aquaculture bioremediation. Martínez-Córdova, López-Elías, Leyva-Miranda, Armenta-Ayon, & Martinez-Porchas (2011) successfully used Chione fluctifraga for the bioremediation of shrimp farming effluents. Nieves-Soto, Enríquez-Ocaña, Piña-valdez, Maeda-Martínez, Almodóvar-Cebreros, ]]>
C. corteziensis and found this bivalve have a greater filtration capacity at ]]>
Atrina tuberculosa under different combinations of temperature and food concentration.
Some coastal areas of the Gulf of California are now being impacted by shrimp aqua- culture effluents affecting some environmental variables such as salinity, dissolved ]]>
]]>
The present study was focused on evaluating the filtration capacity (measured as the clarification rate), oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion of two of the most com- mercially-important bivalves, D. ponderosa and C. ]]>
, collected from impacted and non-impacted areas of the coastal zone of Northwest Mexico.
Materials and Methods
Mollusk ]]>
D. ponderosa were found, while in the impacted area, only big organisms were possible to collect; contrarily, for C. gnidia smaller organisms were found in the impacted area as compared to the non-impacted. ]]>
A total of 40 individuals of each species were collected and immediately transported to the facilities of DICTUS, University of Sonora, México. These were placed into acclimation aquaria and maintained at 23°C temperature and 36psu salinity for seven days. The ethical rules to reduce both the stress and suffering of the studied organisms were observed during acclimation and experimentation. The clams were fed three times a day with a monoalgal culture of ]]>
Chaetoceros muellerii from the same laboratory at a density of 100 000cel/mL. The water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and pH), were monitored twice a day by means of a multi-parameter YSI Model 6600. The concentration of total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) was measured by spec-trophotometry using the Hach DR4000 and the routine and chemicals described in the manual.
After seven days, ]]>
D. ponderosa from impacted areas ranged from 15 to 19cm, and from non impacted areas from 12 to 15cm. The size of C. gnidia from impacted areas ranged from 2.5 to 3.0cm; and from non impacted areas from 7.5 to 10.9cm. Both species reproduced along the year, mainly during last spring and the whole summer, which means that the selected individuals probably had different degree of gonadal development.
Clarification rates: The filtration capacity was evaluated by the measurement of the clarification rate. It was done by triplicate in a static system using experimental chambers of 5L for D. ponderosa and 2L for C. gnidia. One organism was placed ]]>
A suspension of the microalgae C. muelleri with an approximate cell density of 10x104cell/ mL were introduced in each chamber. Such low density was used to avoid the production of pseudo-feces (Berg, Fisher, & Landrum, 1996). The ]]>
table 1. No significant differences in any of both parameters were observed (F=0.1635; p>0.05). To keep the suspension homogeneous, aeration through diffuser stones was applied, trying to maintain the diffusers not very close to the organisms to avoid stress (Fernández- Reiriz, Labarta, Albentosa, & Pérez-Camacho, 1998). A time of 40min was considered for the evaluation of the clarification rate of the clams, based on the experiences of previous studies in which was demonstrated that longer ]]>
The clearancerate (CR) represents the water volume completely cleaned of suspended particles in a determined time, and was estimated as suggested by Jørgensen (1990) using the following formula:
CR= V [log Ci-log Cf·(0.434·T)-1] (1)
Where CR is the clarification rate in L/h per individual, v is the volume of the experimental chamber in L, Ci and Cf are the initial and final concentration of suspended particles, and T is the total time of clarification in hours. To get the dry weight, the clams were unshelled and the soft tissue weighed, dried for 48h in a stove at 90°C, and weighed again.
The concentration of suspended particles was measured in a Coulter Counter Beckman Z2.
The CR values were expressed per g DW through the following equation:
CR (g) = CR·(b 0.75)-1 (2) ]]>
Where CR (g) is the clarification rate standardized; CR is the clarification rate expressed per g DW, CR is the clarification rate as obtained from equation 1.
Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion: To evaluate the oxygen consumption and ammonia ]]>
The data of CR, DO ]]>
Results
The means ± SD of total weight (TW) and dry soft tissue weight (DEW) of both species collected from the impacted and non-impacted areas are presented in table 2. The TW of C. gnidia
was much greater for organisms from non-impacted areas as compared to those from impacted ones. Contrarily, D. ponderosa from impacted areas had a greater TW than the organisms from non-impacted areas. The same tendency was observed for the DEW, although for
D. ponderosa, the differences were not significant.
With regard to the clarification rate (CR), significant differences were found among the two evaluated species (Table 3).
D. ponderosa showed much higher rates as compared to C. gnidia, independently of the areas. When compared the same species, but from different areas, C. gnidia did not observe differences in the CR, however D. ponderosa from impacted areas, had values much higher than those from non-impacted areas.
The means and SD of oxygen ]]>
table 4. Significant differences in oxygen consumption were found among species, with C. gnidia from impacted areas, recording greater values than D. ponderosa
from both areas. The same tendency was observed for ammonia excretion.
Discussion
When aquatic organisms with limited ]]>
A. tuberculosa varied significantly when temperature and food concentration were modified. They found that at 28°C (similar to the prevailing in our ]]>
D. ponderosa since the organisms from impacted areas recorded a mean CR more than six times greater than those from non-impacted areas. For C. gnidia the rates were very similar among both sites. A plausible explanation of these differences among species is the size and age of the organisms evaluated. The individuals of D. ponderosa were much larger and older (based on the growth rings) than the individuals of C. gnidia. This implies that the first were subjected for a longer time to the impacted conditions which probably allowed them to develop a better filtration strategy. Enriquez-Ocaña et al. (2012) reported for C. corteziensis a CR of 0.45mg/L.h.g.DW at 23°C and 35PSU. However, ]]>
D. ponderosa from the impacted areas, but much greater than that recorded for C. gnidia from ]]>
D. ponderosa from non-impacted areas. Similar results were documented for A. tuberculosa by Nieves-Soto et al. (2011), who found high clarification rates at high temperature (30°C) and salinities of 30 and 40PSU. No specific studies ]]>
D. ponderosa have been reported in the scientific literature, which means that this is the first report about the subject.
The greater oxygen consumption (OC) recorded for C. gnidia when compared to D. ponderosa suggest that both species develop different strategies to thrive under impacted conditions; the first increased their FR and the second their OC. Alexander et al. (1994) reported that in the zebra mussel (Dreissena ]]>
), the OC was significantly affected by temperature and turbidity. Haure, Penisson, Bougrier, and Baud (1998) documented for Ostrea edulis, oxygen consumptions from 0.3 to 1.8mgO2/h.g, being greater at higher temperatures. The values we found are into this range except for C. gnidia from the impacted areas ]]>
2/h.g).
The ammonia excretion (AE) of C. gnidia from the impacted areas was three fold-times greater compared to the same species from the non-impacted areas, while D. ponderosa had much lower rates. In this case it seems that the impacted condition of the areas influenced the AE only in C. gnidia but not in D. ponderosa
. Since many years it is known that ammonia excretion is a response of the organisms to environmental stress and pollution (Bayne, Moore, Widdows, Livingstone, Salkeld, Crisp, Morris, Gray, Holden, Newell & McIntyre, 1979). Grant and Thorpe (1991) found that the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria, had a significant decrease in oxygen consumption and increase in ammonia excretion when was subjected to high turbidity. This finding partially coincide with our results of C. ]]>
from the impacted areas, that with a high concentration of suspended solids (turbidity) showed a greater AE than the organisms collected from non- impacted areas. However, the OC results were different to those of the cited author.
As indicated by the results of the ]]>
D. ponderosa has improved its filtration capacity while C. gnidia has modified its oxygen ]]>
Acknowledgments
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We want to thank two Mexican Government dependences: SEP-PROMEP and COFU- PRO INAPESCA for the financial support for this study.
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1. Programa de Postgrado en Biociencias de la Universidad de Sonora; karime_rc@hotmail.com 2. Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora; Blvd Luis Donaldo Colosio s/n, entre Reforma y Sahuaripa, Edificio 7G, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México; lmtz@guaymas.uson.mx, fenrquez@guayacan.uson.mx, jalopez@guayacan.uson.mx 3. Universidad Estatal de Sonora; Carr. a Huatabampo, Km. 5. Navojoa, Sonora, México, 85800; anselmo.miranda@ues.mx
Received 22-X-2013. Corrected 30-III-2014. Accepted 29-Iv-2014.