<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442014000200020</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Ecogeografía del género Sticta (Ascomycota liquenizados: Lobariaceae) en Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ecogeography of the genus Sticta (lichenized Ascomycota: Lobariaceae) in Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moncada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bibiana]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Aguirre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jaime]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lücking]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Robert]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Bogotá]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de Colombia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Department of Botany  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Chicago ]]></addr-line>
<country>U.S.A.</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>266</fpage>
<lpage>281</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442014000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442014000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442014000200020&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Colombia is a megadiverse country, but with a substantial gap in the taxonomic and ecological knowledge of fungi and lichens. Thus, the objective of the present study was an ecogeographical analysis of the Sticta species in Colombia. The data included macrodistribution (with respect to mountain ranges and life zones) and microhabitat preferences (light, substrate) and were obtained from field work and herbarium collection labels (completed by comparison with modern geographic and vegetation maps), for 103 species of Sticta currently recognized in Colombia (plus seven additional biotypes with different photobionts or reproductive mode). Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), correlations between ecogeographical variables and species were established, and ecotypes were delimited. Colombian species of Sticta showed distinct distribution patterns relative to altitude, mountain ranges, life zones, as well as light exposure and substrate, forming several distinct groups. Cyanobacterial species tend to have wider distribution ranges than green algal species. We concluded that the orogeny of the Northern Andes substantially affected speciation of the genus Sticta and its ecogeographical differentiation.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Colombia es un país megadiverso, pero con una ausencia significativa en el conocimiento de la taxonomía y ecología de hongos y líquenes. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio era un análisis ecogeográfico de las especies de Sticta de Colombia. Los datos incluyeron la macrodistribución (con respeto a las cordilleras y zonas de vida) y preferencias de microhabitat (luz, sustrato) y fueron obtenidos mediante trabajo de campo y en el herbario (complemetados con mapas modernos de geografía y vegetación), para 103 especies actualmente reconocidas en Colombia (más siete biotipos con diferentes fotobiontes o modo de reproducción). Se elaboró un análisis de ordenación usando la técnica de escalamiento multidimensional no métrico (NMS), para establecer correlaciones entre variables ecogeográficas y las especies y para definir ecotipos. Las especies de Sticta en Colombia presentan patrones de distribución relativos a la altitud, las zonas de vida y la ubicación en las cordilleras, tanto como luz y sustrato, formando varios grupos distintos. Las especies con ciano-bionte tienen un rango de distribución más amplio que las especies con fotobionte verde. Concluimos que la orogenia de los Andes afectó significativamente la especiación del género Sticta y su diferenciación ecogeográfica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Sticta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[life zones]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[patterns of distribution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[subandine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[andine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[páramo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[superpáramo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Sticta]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[zonas de vida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[patrones de distribución]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[subandino]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[andino]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[páramo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[superpáramo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: justify;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="4"> <span style="font-family: verdana;">Ecogeograf&iacute;a del g&eacute;nero </span></font><font size="4"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span></span></font><font style="font-weight: bold;" size="4"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">(Ascomycota liquenizados: Lobariaceae) en Colombia    <br>     <br> </span></font><font style="font-weight: bold;" size="4"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Ecogeography of the genus </span></font><font  size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span></span></font><font style="font-weight: bold;" size="4"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">(Ascomycota liquenizados: Lobariaceae) in Colombia</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Bibiana Moncada<sup><a href="#1">1</a>*</sup>, Jaime Aguirre<sup><a href="#2">2</a>*</sup> &amp; Robert L&uuml;cking<sup><a href="#3">3</a>*</sup></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"></span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">    <br>     <a name="Correspondencia2"></a>*<a href="#Correspondencia1">Direcci&oacute;n     para correspodencia:</a></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"      size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Abstract</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Colombia is a     megadiverse country, but with a substantial gap in the taxonomic and     ecological knowledge of fungi and lichens. Thus, the objective of the     present study was an ecogeographical analysis of the <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>species in     Colombia. The data included macrodistribution (with respect to mountain     ranges and life zones) and microhabitat preferences (light, substrate)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[and were obtained from field work and herbarium collection labels     (completed by comparison with modern geographic and vegetation maps),     for 103 species of <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>currently     recognized in Colombia (plus seven     additional biotypes with different photobionts or reproductive mode).     Using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), correlations between     ecogeographical variables and species were established, and ecotypes     were delimited. Colombian species of <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta     </span>showed distinct     distribution patterns relative to altitude, mountain ranges, life     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[zones, as well as light exposure and substrate, forming several     distinct groups. Cyanobacterial species tend to have wider distribution     ranges than green algal species. We concluded that the orogeny of the     Northern Andes substantially affected speciation of the genus <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sticta     </span>and its ecogeographical differentiation. </span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Key words:</span> <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Sticta</span>,     life zones,     patterns of distribution, subandine, andine, p&aacute;ramo,     superp&aacute;ramo.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Resumen</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Colombia es un     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[pa&iacute;s     megadiverso, pero con una ausencia significativa en el conocimiento de     la taxonom&iacute;a y ecolog&iacute;a de hongos y l&iacute;quenes. Por     lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio era un an&aacute;lisis     ecogeogr&aacute;fico de las especies de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>de Colombia. Los datos     incluyeron la macrodistribuci&oacute;n (con respeto a las cordilleras y     zonas de vida) y preferencias de microhabitat (luz, sustrato) y fueron     obtenidos mediante trabajo de campo y en el herbario (complemetados con     mapas modernos de geograf&iacute;a y vegetaci&oacute;n), para 103     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[especies actualmente reconocidas en Colombia (m&aacute;s siete biotipos     con diferentes fotobiontes o modo de reproducci&oacute;n). Se     elabor&oacute; un an&aacute;lisis de ordenaci&oacute;n usando la     t&eacute;cnica de escalamiento multidimensional no m&eacute;trico     (NMS), para establecer correlaciones entre variables     ecogeogr&aacute;ficas y las especies y para definir ecotipos. Las     especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>en     Colombia presentan patrones de     distribuci&oacute;n relativos a la altitud, las zonas de vida y la     ubicaci&oacute;n en las cordilleras, tanto como luz y sustrato,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[formando varios grupos distintos. Las especies con ciano-bionte tienen     un rango de distribuci&oacute;n m&aacute;s amplio que las especies con     fotobionte verde. Concluimos que la orogenia de los Andes afect&oacute;     significativamente la especiaci&oacute;n del g&eacute;nero <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>y su     diferenciaci&oacute;n ecogeogr&aacute;fica.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Palabras clave:</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta</span>, zonas de     vida, patrones de distribuci&oacute;n, subandino, andino,     p&aacute;ramo, superp&aacute;ramo.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="2"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Colombia es uno de     los     pa&iacute;ses megadiversos (Samper &amp; Garc&iacute;a, 2001;     Benavides-Molineros, Castiblanco-A. &amp; Vivas-Segura, 2006; Bernal,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Celis &amp; Gradstein, 2007). La alta biodiversidad se ve favorecida     por la presencia de zonas biogeograf&iacute;cas con condiciones     contrastantes, generando un sin&uacute;mero de ambientes que resultan     en una gran variedad de flora, fauna y ecosistemas. Seg&uacute;n     &Aacute;lvarez (2001), Colombia ocupa el primer lugar en aves (Renjifo,     Franco-Maya, Amaya-Espinel, Kattan &amp; L&oacute;pez- Lan&uacute;s,     2002; Andrade-C., 2011), segundo en plantas vasculares,     lepid&oacute;pteros y anfibios (Bernal, Celis &amp; Gradstein, 2007;     Andrade-C., 2011) y quinto en mam&iacute;feros (Chaves &amp;     Santamar&iacute;a, 2006; Rodr&iacute;guez-M., Alberico, Trujillo &amp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Jorgenson, 2006a). Sin embargo, los grupos m&aacute;s diversos, como     los artr&oacute;podos y los hongos (Hawksworth, 1991, 2001), han sido     muy poco estudiados, y su diversidad en Colombia es virtualmente     desconocida (Amat, Andrade-C. &amp; Amat, 2007). Esto incluye a los     l&iacute;quenes, hongos que establecen una simbiosis con algas verdes o     cianobacterias (Nash, 2008). L&uuml;cking, Rivas Plata, Chaves,     Uma&ntilde;a y Sipman (2009) estiman para Colombia un total de 3&#8201;600     especies, de las cuales solo 1&#8201;562 han sido informadas para el     pa&iacute;s (Aguirre-C. &amp; Rangel-Ch., 2008a; Sipman, Hekking &amp;     Aguirre-C., 2008), correspondiendo a un 43% de la diversidad estimada.</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Un 47% del     &aacute;rea total de     Colombia est&aacute; cubierta por bosques naturales, 19% por otros     tipos de vegetaci&oacute;n como sabanas, zonas &aacute;ridas, humedales     aguas continentales y picos de nieve y 34% se encuentran bajo uso     agr&iacute;cola, asentamientos urbanos y procesos de     colonizaci&oacute;n (Samper &amp; Garc&iacute;a, 2001), poneniendo en     peligro la conservaci&oacute;n de la extraordinaria biodiversidad del     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[pa&iacute;s. Una de las causas m&aacute;s importantes que hacen de     Colombia un pa&iacute;s megadiverso son los procesos de la orogenia     andina, que permitieron el movimiento en altura de las monta&ntilde;as     y la formaci&oacute;n de los tres ramales de la Cordillera de los     Andes, afectando la distribuci&oacute;n espacial y especiaci&oacute;n     de los organismos. Seguido a estos procesos ocurrieron los cambios     clim&aacute;ticos peri&oacute;dicos que dieron como resultado las     modificaciones de la cobertura vegetal desde hace 25 millones de     a&ntilde;os hasta el presente (Hern&aacute;ndez, Walschburger, Ortiz     &amp; Hurtado, 1992).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Si el conocimiento     de la diversidad     de los l&iacute;quenes tropicales es escaso, menos se sabe de su     ecolog&iacute;a y biogeograf&iacute;a. Estudios filogen&eacute;ticos     recientes sugieren que el paradigma que muchas especies tienen     distribuci&oacute;n pantropical (Galloway, 1979; L&uuml;cking, 2003;     Herrera-Campos et al., 2004; Feuerer &amp; Hawksworth, 2007; Aptroot     &amp; Iqbal, 2011) es incorrecto y que la mayor&iacute;a tienen rangos     de distribuci&oacute;n bien definidos (Molina, Crespo, Blanco, Lumbsch     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[&amp; Hawksworth, 2004; Tehler, Irestedt, Wedin &amp; Ertz, 2010; Del     Prado et al., 2006; Moncada, 2012; Moncada, L&uuml;cking &amp;     Su&aacute;rez, 2013), aumentando la posibilidad de que especies sean     end&eacute;micas e incrementando el valor potencial de sus recursos     gen&eacute;ticos y bioqu&iacute;micos. Existen pocos estudios     cuantitativos sobre la ecolog&iacute;a de l&iacute;quenes tropicales, y     a menudo aplican una taxonom&iacute;a superficial que no refleja     conceptos apropiados que permitan delimitar especies o excluyen grupos     taxon&oacute;micamente dif&iacute;ciles (Kelly et al., 2004; Holz &amp;     Gradstein, 2005; Boonpragop &amp; Polyiam, 2007; Dyer &amp; Letourneau,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[2007). Entre las excepciones est&aacute;n los estudios de los     l&iacute;quenes foli&iacute;colas de Costa Rica por L&uuml;cking     (1998a, 1999a-c), los l&iacute;quenes cortic&iacute;colas de los llanos     de Venezuela Komposch y Hafellner (2000, 2002, 2003), los     l&iacute;quenes del sur de Brasil (Martins, 2006) y los     microl&iacute;quenes cortic&iacute;colas del nordeste de Brasil     (C&aacute;ceres, L&uuml;cking &amp; Rambold, 2007, 2008).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Las investigaciones     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[relacionadas     con la ecolog&iacute;a y biogeograf&iacute;a de l&iacute;quenes     tropicales en Colombia incluyen a Wolf (1993a, b), Aguirre-C. y Sipman     (2004), Aguirre-C. y Rangel-Ch. (2008a, b), Sipman (1984, 1989, 1992,     1995, 2006), Sipman y Cleef (1979), Soto y Bola&ntilde;os (2010),     Simijaca (2011) y Soto-M., L&uuml;cking y Bola&ntilde;os (2012). Wolf,     cuyo trabajo estuvo enfocado en los cambios de biodiversidad y     composici&oacute;n de l&iacute;quenes y otros ep&iacute;fitos a lo     largo de un transecto altitudinal en la Cordillera Central, es     considerado uno de los pio-neros en el uso de la t&eacute;cnica de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[escalar &aacute;rboles y tomar muestras del dosel, donde se encuentra     la mayor biodiversidad de los l&iacute;quenes en los bosques tropicales     h&uacute;medos (Wolf, 1993a, b; Komposch &amp; Hafellner, 2000, 2002,     2003).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En t&eacute;rminos     de     ecogeograf&iacute;a, es decir la macrodistribuci&oacute;n de     l&iacute;quenes con respecto a las regiones biogeogr&aacute;ficas y     zonas de vida, es escasa la informaci&oacute;n para Colombia (Aguirre     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[&amp; Rangel-Ch., 2008a, b; Sipman et al., 2008). Recientemente,     Rinc&oacute;n-Espitia, Aguirre-C. y L&uuml;cking (2011) presentaron un     an&aacute;lisis de microl&iacute;quenes de la regi&oacute;n del Caribe     Colombiano, siendo el &uacute;nico estudio detallado para este grupo de     l&iacute;quenes hasta la fecha. Esto es desafortunado, ya que Colombia     presenta condiciones ideales para hacer estudios biogeogr&aacute;ficos     y ecogeogr&aacute;ficos de grupos de organismos, como ha ocurrido, por     ejemplo, en plantas vasculares o insectos (Barney-D., 2011;     D&iacute;az, Solis &amp; Brochero, 2011).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El g&eacute;nero     <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>es un grupo     ideal para un estudio de ecogeograf&iacute;a en Colombia, ya que es     principalmente andino y por lo tanto la ecogeograf&iacute;a de las     especies deber&iacute;a verse afectada por los procesos de la orogenia     andina. Especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>predominan     en las zonas paramunas y bosques     subandinos y andinos, donde cubren ramas y troncos de &aacute;rboles y     arbustos en grandes cantidades. Por asociarse en su mayor&iacute;a con     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[fotobiontes cianobacteria-les, estos l&iacute;quenes contribuyen a la     fijaci&oacute;n de nitr&oacute;geno atmosf&eacute;rico y sirven como     fertilizan-tes naturales (Kelly &amp; Becker, 1975; Becker, 1980;     Green, Horstmann, Bonnett, Wilkins &amp; Silvester, 1980; Green &amp;     Lange, 1991; Antoine, 2004; Benner, Conroy, Lunch, Toyoda &amp;     Vitousek, 2007). Adem&aacute;s, por su capacidad de retener grandes     cantidades de agua, permiten balancear los efectos de la     precipitaci&oacute;n y generan un microclima h&uacute;medo sobre la     vegetaci&oacute;n terrestre a&uacute;n tiempo despu&eacute;s que la     precipitaci&oacute;n haya terminado (Green, Snelgar &amp; Wilkins,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[1985; Guzm&aacute;n, Quilhot &amp; Galloway, 1990; Green &amp; Lange,     1991; Beckett, 1995; Zotz, B&uuml;del, Meyer, Zellner &amp; Lange,     1998). Por lo anterior, contribuyen para que los p&aacute;ra-mos sean     fuentes indispensables de agua para &aacute;reas metropolitanas como lo     es la ciudad de Bogot&aacute; (Luteyn, 1999; Crespo et al., 2010; De     Brievre &amp; Calle, 2011).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El presente trabajo     es un     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[an&aacute;lisis de la ecogeograf&iacute;a del g&eacute;nero Sticta en     Colombia, aprovechando los datos obtenidos en su revisi&oacute;n     sistem&aacute;tica y filogen&eacute;tica para el pa&iacute;s y otros     lugares (Moncada, 2012; Moncada &amp; L&uuml;cking, 2012; Moncada et     al., 2013). El estudio se enfoc&oacute; en la distribuci&oacute;n de     las especies con relaci&oacute;n a las zonas de vida, comparando     diferentes sistemas de clasificaci&oacute;n de las mismas (Rangel-Ch.,     1995, 2000; Poveda, Rojas, Rudas &amp; Rangel-Ch., 2004;     Rodr&iacute;guez, Armenteras, Morales &amp; Romero, 2006b) y     considerando adem&aacute;s, aspectos de microh&aacute;bitat como luz     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[relativa y sustrato. </span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Materiales y M&eacute;todos</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Toma de datos:</span> Se     estudiaron 1 765     ejemplares de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[colecciones en los herbarios Colombianos ANDES,     COAH, COL, CUVC, FAUC, HUA, UDBC y UPTC, y 848 ejemplares de     recolecciones nuevas entre 2000 y 2012. Adem&aacute;s, se incluyeron     colecciones extraterritoriales, hist&oacute;ricas y tipos disponibles     en los herbarios: B, BM, F, FH, G, H, L, MEL, OXF, PC, RBGE, TUR, U, US     y W.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Para cada muestra,     se tomaron datos     de campo o de las etiquetas (en caso de mues-tras de herbario) para     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[establecer el rango de variables ambientales como: cordillera, altitud     y zona de vida, sustrato y exposici&oacute;n a la luz en tres     categor&iacute;as: luz directa o zona abierta= expuestas; mediana     exposici&oacute;n, bosques o &aacute;reas cubiertas por ramas     secundarias = intermedia; &aacute;reas con poca luminosidad o cubiertas     con espesa vegetaci&oacute;n= sombreada. En el caso de     informaci&oacute;n incompleta en ejemplares hist&oacute;ricos, se     trat&oacute; de reconstruir los viajes hist&oacute;ricos de los     recolectores como, por ejemplo, Alexander Lindig (Nylander, 1863a, b,     1864, 1867; Stearn, 1968), para establecer una ubicaci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[aproximada de cada lugar de la recolecci&oacute;n.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Caracterizaci&oacute;n     ecogeogr&aacute;fica:</span> Para la caracterizaci&oacute;n de las     &aacute;reas ecogeogr&aacute;ficas se tuvo en cuenta el sistema de     Rangel-Ch. (1995), que divide el territorio Colombiano en cinco grandes     regiones (Andina o Cordillerana, Orinoquia, Amazonia, Choc&oacute;     Biogeogr&aacute;fico y Caribe). Para la Regi&oacute;n Andina     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(Cordillerana) la divisi&oacute;n, seg&uacute;n altitud, en zonas de     vida Tropical, Subandina, Andina y P&aacute;ramo, adem&aacute;s de     diferenciar la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta como Zona Septentrional.     Adicionalmente, se hizo una caracterizaci&oacute;n basada en los pisos     bioclim&aacute;ticos propuesta por Rodr&iacute;guez et al. (2006b), en     la cual toma en cuenta la diferenciaci&oacute;n seg&uacute;n la     orientaci&oacute;n occidental u oriental de la cordillera     correspondiente. Final-mente, se aplic&oacute; una     caracterizaci&oacute;n basada en una combinaci&oacute;n de los sistemas     de clasificaci&oacute;n mencionados (Rangel-Ch., 1995, 2000;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Rodr&iacute;guez et al., 2006b), diferenciando a su vez entre los pisos     altitudinales como Altoandino, Subp&aacute;ramo y Superp&aacute;ramo     (Cuadro 1).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Para las especies     encontradas en     los departamentos de Antioquia, Choc&oacute;, Valle del Cauca, Cauca y     Nari&ntilde;o, se revis&oacute; su ubicaci&oacute;n con el fin de     determinar si pertenec&iacute;an a la Regi&oacute;n del Choc&oacute;     Biogeogr&aacute;fico propuesta por Poveda et al. (2004).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Caracterizaci&oacute;n     ecol&oacute;gica:</span> Se usaron las variables de luz relativa,     aplicando     una clasificaci&oacute;n simple en tres categor&iacute;as como     anteriormente definida (sombreada, intermedia, expuesta) y de sustrato,     diferenciando seis tipos de sustrato: corteza, madera (generalmente     troncos ca&iacute;dos sin corteza), hojarasca, roca, suelo y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[bri&oacute;fitos.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cada muestra     recibi&oacute; un     valor de 0 o 1 seg&uacute;n su ausencia o presencia en una de las     cordilleras y sus vertientes, los pisos altitudinales seg&uacute;n     sistema de clasificaci&oacute;n, y seg&uacute;n luz relativa y tipo de     sustrato. Posteriormente, se combinaron los datos para todas las     muestras de una especie para obtener un puntaje a nivel de especie y de     esta manera tambi&eacute;n balancear datos inexistentes a nivel de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[muestra. Adem&aacute;s de especies, tambi&eacute;n se separaron     fotomorfos en especies fotosimbiod&eacute;micas (que producen talos     diferentes con cianobacterias o algas verdes) y formas reproductivas en     especies que tienen talos con apotecios (sexuales) o isidios     (vegetativos). Esta clasificaci&oacute;n se bas&oacute; en resultados     de un estudio filogen&eacute;tico molecular (Moncada, 2012; Moncada et     al., 2013). Se obtuvo un total de 103 especies y siete biotipos     adicionales y un total de 34 variables binarios: diez variables     representando las cordilleras y sus vertientes, cuatro variables de los     pisos altitudinales seg&uacute;n Rangel-Ch. (1995, 2000), cuatro     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[variables de los pisos altitudinales seg&uacute;n Rodr&iacute;guez et     al. (2006b), siete variables de los pisos altitudinales seg&uacute;n la     clasificaci&oacute;n combinada, tres variables de la luz relativa y     seis variables del tipo de sustrato (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n     digital).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los datos obtenidos     fueron     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[sometidos a un an&aacute;lisis de ordenaci&oacute;n de escalamiento     multidimensional no m&eacute;trico (NMS). Para ambos, se us&oacute; el     coeficiente de correlaci&oacute;n como &iacute;ndice de distancia y en     ambos casos, se implement&oacute; una prueba al azar de     randomizaci&oacute;n para analizar si los ejes principales eran     significativamente diferentes de una configuraci&oacute;n aleatoria     (n=249 repeticiones). Los an&aacute;lisis fueron hechos con el programa     PC-ORD 5.03 (McCune &amp; Mefford, 1999; McCune &amp; Grace, 2002).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Adicionalmente, para     cada especie,     se calcul&oacute; un valor ponderado para los diferentes sistemas de     clasificaci&oacute;n de pisos altitudinales y se comput&oacute; la     correlaci&oacute;n lineal no param&eacute;trica de Spearman para     obtener una medida de consistencia entre los sistemas de     clasificaci&oacute;n ecogeogr&aacute;fica usados; esto fue realizado en     el progama STATISTICA<sup>TM</sup> 6.0. </span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Resultados</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Ecogeograf&iacute;a:     </span>De 1&#8201;765     ejemplares revisados, se obtuvo un total de 103 especies y 7 biotipos     adicionales, distribu&iacute;das principalmente en la Regi&oacute;n     Andina y la Regi&oacute;n del Choc&oacute; Biogeogr&aacute;fico. De las     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[103 especies, 93 fueron &uacute;nicas para la Regi&oacute;n Andina, una     para la Regi&oacute;n del Choc&oacute; Biogeogr&aacute;fico (<span      style="font-style: italic;">S. </span>aff<span      style="font-style: italic;">.     venosa</span>) y nueve se encontraron en las dos regiones (<span      style="font-style: italic;">S. dioica, S.     impressula, S. minutula, S. papillata, S. pseudolimbata, S.     roseocyphellata, S. scabrosa, S. subfilicinella, S. tomentosa</span>).     Siguiendo la clasificaci&oacute;n de las unidades de paisaje con base     en la topograf&iacute;a para la regi&oacute;n del Choc&oacute;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Biogeogr&aacute;fico Colombiano, propuesto por Poveda et al. (2004),     las diez especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>pertenecientes     a esta regi&oacute;n se     ubicaron todas en la Unidad de Paisaje Subandino Cordillerano.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Con base en la     distribuci&oacute;n     del territorio Colombiano en zonas de vida propuestas por Rangel-Ch.     (1995), la distribuci&oacute;n de las especies de <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>mostr&oacute;     una clara preferencia por la Regi&oacute;n Andina, con pocas especies     en la Regi&oacute;n Septentrional (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n     digi-tal). Dentro de esta regi&oacute;n, las zonas de vida Subandina,     Andina y P&aacute;ramo fueron las que mostraron mayor diversidad de     especies. En la zona de vida Subandina, el total de especies     encontradas fue 56, en la zona de vida Andina 83 y en el P&aacute;ramo     52, indicando que la zona de vida Andina corresponder&iacute;a al     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[centro de dispersi&oacute;n para numerosas especies, que luego se     extienden a las zonas de vidas Subandina y P&aacute;ramo y, en algunos     casos (S<span style="font-style: italic;">. andreana, S. hypoglabra, S.     isidiodichotoma, S. laselvae, S.     scabrosa, S.</span> aff. <span style="font-style: italic;">weigelii</span>),     hasta la zona de vida Tropical.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Utilizando la     clasificaci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de pisos biocli-m&aacute;ticos (Rodr&iacute;guez et al., 2006b), se     obtuvo un resultado semejante, con excepci&oacute;n de algunas especies     que cambian de zona de vida debido a su ubicaci&oacute;n en las tres     cordilleras principales (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n digital).     Estas especies incluyen a <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta     neolinearis</span>, la cual clasifica como     andina en el sistema de Rangel-Ch. (1995) y andino-subparamuna en el     sistema de Rodr&iacute;guez et al. (2006b), <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. sylvatica</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(andina-paramuna vs. subandina-paramuna), <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. silverstonii</span> (subandina     vs. andina), la forma isidiada de <span style="font-style: italic;">S.     dioica</span> (subandina-andina vs.     andina), <span style="font-style: italic;">S. leucoblepharis</span>, <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. lineariloba</span> y <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. paramuna</span>     (subandino-paramunas vs. andinas), y el cloromorfo de <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. macrothallina</span>,     el cianomorfo de <span style="font-style: italic;">S. neopulmonarioides</span>,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[y <span style="font-style: italic;">S. subfilicinella</span>     (subandino-paramunas vs. subandino-andinas).     <br>     <br>     Usando la     combinaci&oacute;n de Rangel-Ch. (1995, 2000) y Rodr&iacute;guez et al.     (2006b), y denominando cada una de las subdivisiones como ecozonas     (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20t1.gif">Cuadro 1</a>), las     ecozonas con mayor diversidad de especies de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>son     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[nuevamente los pisos subandino a p&aacute;ramo (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n digital). Al comparar la distribuci&oacute;n de especies     de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>seg&uacute;n el     sistema de clasificaci&oacute;n utlizado,     existe una fuerte correlaci&oacute;n entre los valores basados en los     dos sistemas, con r<sub>Spearman</sub>=0.92 (p&lt;0.001). El sistema     combinado     muestra correlaciones menos fuertes pero tambi&eacute;n altamente     significativas con cada una de las clasificaciones, con r<sub>Spearman</sub>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[=0.83     (p&lt;0.01) tanto con el sistema de Rangel-Ch. (1995) como con el de     Rodr&iacute;guez et al. (2006b).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Utilizando la     divisi&oacute;n de     las cordilleras principales, se observ&oacute; que un gran     n&uacute;mero de unidades taxon&oacute;micas de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>est&aacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[distribuidas en dos o tres de las cordilleras principales     (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n digital). Un n&uacute;mero menor de     especies parecen restringidas a una de las tres cordilleras, teniendo     la Cordillera Oriental el m&aacute;s alto n&uacute;mero de especies     exclusivas. No existe una diferencia marcada en el n&uacute;mero total     de unidades taxon&oacute;micas encontradas en cada una de las     cordilleras, con 76 en la Cordillera Occidental, 94 en la Cordillera     Central y 80 en la Cordillera Oriental. Existe una ligera diferencia en     la diversidad de especies comparando las vertientes orientales y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[occidentales de las cordilleras, siendo las vertientes orientales las     que tienen un n&uacute;mero ligeramente mayor, con excepci&oacute;n de     la Cordillera Central (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n digital).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Microhabitat y     sustrato:</span> Usando la     clasificaci&oacute;n de luz relativa en tres categor&iacute;as     (sombreada, intermedia, expuesta), las especies de <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>se pueden     dividir en grupos que toleran un alto rango de intensidad     lum&iacute;nica contrastando con las que tienen un rango m&aacute;s     estrecho (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n digital). Se observa que     especies con fotobionte cianobacterial tienden a tolerar intensidades     lum&iacute;nicas m&aacute;s altas, mientras que las especies que tienen     fotobionte verde tienden a encontrarse en microhabitats sombreados a     moderadamente expuestos.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El sustrato     preferido por la     mayor&iacute;a de las especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta     </span>es la corteza de     &aacute;rboles y arbustos (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice</a>,     versi&oacute;n digital).     Sin embargo, numerosas especies suelen ser generalistas, o     tambi&eacute;n encontr&aacute;ndose sobre rocas o suelo, frecuentemente     mezcladas con bri&oacute;fitos. Algunas especies suelen tener     preferencias pronunciadas por un tipo de sustrato creciendo casi     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[exclusivamente sobre corteza, rocas o suelo, como <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. andensis, S.     arbuscula, S. cometia, S. fuliginosa, S. globulifuliginosa, S.     gyalocar-pa, S. isidiokunthii, S. laselvae, S. lobarioides, S.     luteocyphellata, S. macrofuliginosa, S. macrothallina, S.     microisidiata, S. minutula, S. papillata, S. paramuna, S.     pulmonarioides, S. robertiana, S. rubropruinosa, S. rudiuscula, S.     silverstonii, S. subfilicinella, S. tatamana </span>y <span      style="font-style: italic;">S. beauvoisii.</span></span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Diferenciaci&oacute;n     ecogeogr&aacute;fica de biotipos:</span> En las especies que presentan     dos     biotipos diferentes, una con reproduccion sexual vs. otra con     reproducci&oacute;n vegetativa o representando diferentes fotomorfos de     una especie foto-simbiod&eacute;mica, se puede observar diferencias     ecogeogr&aacute;ficas entre ellas. En <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta     dioica</span>, la forma isidiada     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[presenta un rango m&aacute;s estrecho que la forma sexual, tanto en     t&eacute;rminos de zonas de vida, n&uacute;mero de cordilleras y     sustrato (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20t2.gif">Cuadro 2</a>).     Diferencias semejantes tambi&eacute;n se aprecian     para los diferentes fotomorfos de las especies fotosimbiod&eacute;micas.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La ordenaci&oacute;n     por     escalamiento multidimensional no m&eacute;trico (NMS) di&oacute; un     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[resultado con configuraci&oacute;n significativa (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a20i1.jpg">Fig. 1</a>) para tres     ejes extra&iacute;dos (estr&eacute;s final medio=18.95; estr&eacute;s     final medio randomizado=27.63; p&lt;0.01; estr&eacute;s final medio     para la soluci&oacute;n tridimensional=17.45). Muestra una     agrupaci&oacute;n principal de especies seg&uacute;n su     distribuci&oacute;n entre las cordilleras y una fuerte     correlaci&oacute;n con los pisos bioclim&aacute;ticos combinados de las     clasificaciones de Rangel-Ch. (1995, 2000) y Rodr&iacute;guez et al.     (2006a). Es notable que las especies que son exclusivas para la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Cordillera Central se localizan centralmente en el diagrama de     ordenaci&oacute;n, igual como las especies que se encuentran en dos o     tres de las cordilleras principales, indicando que la Cordillera     Central es el centro de distribuci&oacute;n para el g&eacute;nero     <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta</span>. Los resultados     tambi&eacute;n mostraron que las especies no     tienen distribuciones ecogeogr&aacute;ficas aleatorias sino que por el     contrario, forman grupos distintos de especies     ecogeogr&aacute;ficamente equivalentes.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Discusi&oacute;n</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El presente estudio     demuestra que     las especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>en el     territorio colombiano no se distribuyen de     forma aleatoria sino que tienen patrones de distribuci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[marcados con relaci&oacute;n a las diferentes zonas de vida. Rangel-Ch.     (2000) menciona que la separaci&oacute;n entre la franja de     subp&aacute;ramo y p&aacute;ramo propiamente dicho no es muy clara y     que depende, adem&aacute;s de la altitud, del factor     fisiogr&aacute;fico-topogr&aacute;fico. Con relaci&oacute;n a eso,     Rodr&iacute;guez et al. (2006b) argumentan que, dependiendo del flanco     de cada una de las cordilleras, las fronteras de los pisos     bioclim&aacute;ticos pueden variar. Sin embargo, es aparente que el uso     de diferentes sistemas de clasificaci&oacute;n ecogeogr&aacute;fica, y     la combinaci&oacute;n entre ellos implementada aqu&iacute;, no afectan     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[significativamente la caracterizaci&oacute;n de las especies de     l&iacute;quenes, ya que en todas las clasificaciones, las zonas de vida     subandinas a paramunas son las que tienen la mayor diversidad de     especies.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Esto confirma al     g&eacute;nero     <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>como un grupo     principalmente de zonas de clima fr&iacute;o a     templado que en las latitudes tropicales est&aacute; concentrado en las     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[zonas altas, por encima de los 2&#8201;000m (Galloway, 1994, 1997, 1998,     2001, 2007), especialmente en aquellas &aacute;reas de     vegetaci&oacute;n boscosa y arbustiva subandina, andina y paramuna     donde, probablemente la elevada y constante humedad y la temperatura no     mayor a 20&deg;C, permiten el establecimiento y supervivencia de estos     l&iacute;quenes. Por lo tanto, se puede asumir que la orogenia andina     debe haber tenido una influencia marcada en la especiaci&oacute;n de     este g&eacute;nero en el Neotr&oacute;pico y particularmente en el     norte de Suram&eacute;rica, donde los Andes se dividen en tres     cordilleras principales. La observaci&oacute;n que la Cordillera     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Oriental forma un centro de distribuci&oacute;n para las especies de     <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>en Colombia sugiere     que la diversificaci&oacute;n del     g&eacute;nero ocurri&oacute; a partir de esta Cordillera, que forma la     prolongaci&oacute;n m&aacute;s antigua de los Andes llegando del sur de     Suram&eacute;rica (Hoorn et al., 2010) hasta Venezuela. Un estudio     usando un reloj molecular estim&oacute; la edad del nodo basal de     <span style="font-style: italic;">Sticta </span>en 26 millones de     a&ntilde;os (L&uuml;cking, 2012), lo que     coincide con el per&iacute;odo de mayor levantamiento de los Andes del     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[norte de Suram&eacute;rica, desde hace 25 millones de a&ntilde;os, con     un per&iacute;odo m&aacute;s intenso para alcanzar altitudes de encima     de 3&#8201;000m entre 10 y 5 millones de a&ntilde;os atr&aacute;s (Hoorn et     al., 2010).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Considerando la     intensidad     lum&iacute;nica, se puede reconocer que las especies con     ciano-bacterias como fotobionte primario son frecuentes en todos los     lugares, desde sombreados a expuestos, probablemente por la capacidad     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de absorber agua l&iacute;quida que poseen las ciano-bacterias,     adem&aacute;s de la fijaci&oacute;n de nitr&oacute;geno (Kelly &amp;     Becker, 1975; Becker, 1980; Green et al., 1980, 1985; Guzm&aacute;n et     al., 1990; Green &amp; Lange, 1991; Beckett, 1995; Zotz et al., 1998;     Antoine, 2004; Benner et al., 2007). Tambi&eacute;n podr&iacute;a     deberse a las diferentes adaptaciones crom&aacute;ticas de las     cianobacterias en la utilizaci&oacute;n de numerosos pigmentos, entre     ellos los ficobil&iacute;nicos, que les permiten absorber     energ&iacute;a lum&iacute;nica hasta a bajas intensidades de luz     (Grossman, Schaefer, Chiang &amp; Collier, 1993; Kehoe, 2010). Al     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[contrario, las especies con fotobionte primario verde son m&aacute;s     frecuentes en lugares sombreados a intermedios, con frecuencia en ramas     secundarias de &aacute;rboles y arbustos de bosques subandino y     andinos, donde estas ramas y los bri&oacute;fitos asociados pueden     protegerlos de la excesiva evaporaci&oacute;n del agua.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El an&aacute;lisis     cuantitativo de     los datos usando t&eacute;cnicas de ordenaci&oacute;n se&ntilde;ala que     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[el factor dominante para la formaci&oacute;n de grupos de especies     ecogeogr&aacute;ficamente equivalentes es el gradiente altitudinal, lo     que coincide con las zonas de vida clasificadas como tropical,     subandina, andina y paramuna, adem&aacute;s de las subzonas de vida     altoandina, subp&aacute;ramo y superp&aacute;ramo. El segundo factor     importante es la divisi&oacute;n geogr&aacute;fica entre las tres     cordilleras y sus vertientes, acompa&ntilde;ado por ligeras diferencias     en las preferencias altitudinales. Esto coincide con la idea que el     efecto de altitud es ligeramente diferente seg&uacute;n cada vertiente,     porque la direcci&oacute;n prevalente de los vientos causa que zonas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[comparables en temperatura y precipitaci&oacute;n se ubiquen en     altitudes ligeramente diferentes comparando las vertientes occidentales     y orientales (Rodr&iacute;guez et al., 2006b).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Agradecimientos</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los autores deseamos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[agradeceder a     todas las personas que contribuyeron en el desarrollo de este estudio.     En especial a la Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos&eacute; de Caldas,     por el apoyo econ&oacute;mico, acad&eacute;mico y log&iacute;stico, a     la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, al Field Museum Chicago y a la NSF     por su apoyo dentro del proyecto <span style="font-style: italic;">Neotropical     Epiphytic Microlichens &#8211;     An Innovative Inventory of a Highly Diverse yet Little Known Group of     Symbiotic Organisms</span> (DEB 715660 to The Field Museum; PI R.     L&uuml;cking). A los curadores de los herbarios nacionales ANDES, COAH,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[COL, CUVC, FAUC. HUA, UDBC y UPTC; e internacionales B, BM, E, F, G, H,     L, MEL, OXF, PC, TUR, U, US y W, especialmente Carlos Parra (COL),     Harrie Sipman (B), Holger Th&uuml;s (BM), Bruno Denneti&eacute;re (PC)     y Thorsten Lumbsch (F) por su valioso tiempo y colaboraci&oacute;n     durante las visitas a esos herbarios y por el env&iacute;o de     ejemplares Tipo y colecciones hist&oacute;ricas que fueron     determinantes para esta investigaci&oacute;n. A Alejandra Su&aacute;rez     por su invaluable trabajo de campo, laboratorio y captura de datos. A     los integrantes del Grupo Colombiano de Liquenolog&iacute;a por su     colaboraci&oacute;n en campo y el env&iacute;o de material, en especial     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[a Luisa Betancourt, Lady Vargas, Leidy Herrera, Isabel Ardila, Luis     Fernando Coca, Edier Soto, David Diaz y Diego Simijaca.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"      size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Referencias</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Aguirre-C., J. A., &amp; Sipman, H. J. M. (2004). Diversidad y riqueza de l&iacute;quenes en el Choc&oacute; Biogeogr&aacute;fico. In J. O. Rangel-Ch (Ed.), <span  style="font-style: italic;">Colombia Diversidad Bi&oacute;tica IV. El Choc&oacute; Biogeogr&aacute;fico / Costa Pac&iacute;fica</span> (pp. 455-474). 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<body><![CDATA[<br> <a name="Correspondencia1"></a>*Correspondencia: </span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bibiana Moncada: </span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Licenciatura en Biolog&iacute;a, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos&eacute; de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia; lbmoncada@udistrital.edu.co, bibianamoncada@gmail.com</span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Jaime Aguirre: </span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Carrera 45 No 26-85; jaguirrec@unal.edu.co</span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Robert L&uuml;cking:</span></font><font  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"> Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, U.S.A.; rlucking@fieldmuseum.org</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="1"></a>1. Licenciatura en Biolog&iacute;a, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos&eacute; de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogot&aacute;, Colombia; lbmoncada@udistrital.edu.co, bibianamoncada@gmail.com </span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="2"></a>2. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Carrera 45 No 26-85; jaguirrec@unal.edu.co </span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="3"></a>3. Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496, U.S.A.; rlucking@fieldmuseum.org</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Recibido 19-IX-2012.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corregido 10-IX-2013.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Aceptado 16-X-2013.</span></font></div> <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="2"></font></div>      ]]></body><back>
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