<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442014000200018</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Efectos de la estructura del paisaje y de la vegetación en la diversidad de murciélagos filostómidos (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) de Oaxaca, México]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Effects of landscape and vegetation structure on the diversity of phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Oaxaca, Mexico]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[García-García]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José Luis]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos-Moreno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Antonio]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Oaxaca]]></addr-line>
<country>México</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>62</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>226</fpage>
<lpage>249</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442014000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442014000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442014000200018&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The tropical forest fragmentation is known to affect the spatial structure of the landscape and habitat. These alterations can modify the attributes of bat assemblages, however, this phenomenon has been little studied and understood. In this work we evaluated the structure of landscape (i.e. composition and configuration) and vegetation, and its relationship with assemblage- and population-level characteristics of phyllostomid bats in a tropical rainforest of Southeastern Mexico. For this, we previously selected 12 sites located in continuous and fragmented forests, where bats were captured using mist nets during a two years sampling effort (144 nights). Bats relative abundance, species richness (diversity of order 0, 0D), Shannon diversity index (¹D) and Simpson index (²D) were evaluated in all sites, and their relationship with seven measures of landscape structure and seven measures of vegetation structure was described using a Hierarchical Partitioning Analysis. A total of 1 840 individuals of 29 species of phyllostomid bats were captured in this period. Differences in the assemblages were manifested only in the relative abundance and not in the richness of the species. The assemblages of fragmented forest exhibited greater variation in species composition and a greater abundance of frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in comparison with the assemblages of continuous forest. The landscape configuration was related to the assemblage- and population-level attributes, contrasting with previous studies where the composition was a key element. At habitat level, tree density and canopy cover determined the abundance of bats. Nectarivorous and frugivorous bats were mostly found in disturbed vegetation landscapes, primarily due to landscape configuration (e.g. edge density). This phenomenon could be a response to the availability of food in primary and intermediate successional stages, which are characterized by an abun-dance of food value.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[La fragmentación de bisques tropicales altera la estructura especial del paisaje y del habitat . Estas alteraciones pueden modificar los atributos de las agregaciones de murciélagos, sin embargo este fenómeno ha sido poco estudiado y comprendido. Se evaluó la estructura del paisaje (i.e. composición y configuración) y vegetación, y sus relaciones con características a nivel de agregación (ensamble) y población de murciélagos filostómidos en una selva tropical del sureste de México. Se encontró que las modificaciones en las agregaciones solo se manifiestan en la abundancia relativa y no en la riqueza de especies. La configuración del paisaje fue un elemento relacionado con los atributos a nivel de ensamble y de población, contrastando con estudios previos donde la composición fue un elemento clave. A nivel de hábitat se encontró que la densidad arbórea y cobertura del dosel determinan la abundancia de murciélagos. Los murciélagos nectarívoros y frugívoros prefieren paisajes con vegetación alterada y están relacionados principalmente con la configuración del paisaje. Este fenómeno podría ser una respuesta a la disponibilidad de alimento en ambientes sucesionales primarios e intermedios, que se caracterizan por una alta proliferación de plantas con potencial alimenticio.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Mexico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Neotropical bats]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[landscape configuration]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Los Chimalapas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spatial scale]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[México]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[murciélagos neotropicales]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[configuración del paisaje]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[los chimalapas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[escalas espaciales]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: justify;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Efectos de la estructura del paisaje y de la vegetaci&oacute;n en la diversidad de murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) de Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico    <br>     <br> </span></font><font style="font-weight: bold;" size="4"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Effects of landscape and vegetation structure on the diversity of phyllostomid bats </span></font><font  style="font-weight: bold;" size="4"><span style="font-family: verdana;">(Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Jos&eacute; Luis Garc&iacute;a-Garc&iacute;a<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a name="2"></a>*</sup> &amp; Antonio Santos-Moreno<a href="#1"><sup>1</sup></a></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">    <br> <a name="Correspondencia2"></a>*<a href="#Correspondencia1">Direcci&oacute;n para correspondencia:</a><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></font><font size="2"></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Abstract</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;"></span>    <br> The tropical forest fragmentation is known to affect the spatial structure of the landscape and habitat. These alterations can modify the attributes of bat assemblages, however, this phenomenon has been little studied and understood. In this work we evaluated the structure of landscape (i.e. composition and configuration) and vegetation, and its relationship with assemblage- and population-level characteristics of phyllostomid bats in a tropical rainforest of Southeastern Mexico. For this, we previously selected 12 sites located in continuous and fragmented forests, where bats were captured using mist nets during a two years sampling effort (144 nights). Bats relative abundance, species richness (diversity of order 0, <sup>0</sup>D), Shannon diversity index (<sup>1</sup>D) and Simpson index (<sup>2</sup>D) were evaluated in all sites, and their relationship with seven measures of landscape structure and seven measures of vegetation structure was described using a Hierarchical Partitioning Analysis. A total of 1 840 individuals of 29 species of phyllostomid bats were captured in this period. Differences in the assemblages were manifested only in the relative abundance and not in the richness of the species. The assemblages of fragmented forest exhibited greater variation in species composition and a greater abundance of frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in comparison with the assemblages of continuous forest. The landscape configuration was related to the assemblage- and population-level attributes, contrasting with previous studies where the composition was a key element. At habitat level, tree density and canopy cover determined the abundance of bats. Nectarivorous and frugivorous bats were mostly found in disturbed vegetation landscapes, primarily due to landscape configuration (e.g. edge density). This phenomenon could be a response to the availability of food in primary and intermediate successional stages, which are characterized by an abun-dance of food value. </span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Key words:</span> Mexico, Neotropical bats, landscape configuration, Los Chimalapas, spatial scale.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Resumen</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La fragmentaci&oacute;n de bisques tropicales altera la estructura especial del paisaje y del habitat .&nbsp; Estas alteraciones pueden modificar los atributos de las agregaciones de murci&eacute;lagos, sin embargo este fen&oacute;meno ha sido poco estudiado y comprendido. Se evalu&oacute; la estructura del paisaje (i.e. composici&oacute;n y configuraci&oacute;n) y vegetaci&oacute;n, y sus relaciones con caracter&iacute;sticas a nivel de agregaci&oacute;n (ensamble) y poblaci&oacute;n de murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos en una selva tropical del sureste de M&eacute;xico. Se encontr&oacute; que las modificaciones en las agregaciones solo se manifiestan en la abundancia relativa y no en la riqueza de especies. La configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje fue un elemento relacionado con los atributos a nivel de ensamble y de poblaci&oacute;n, contrastando con estudios previos donde la composici&oacute;n fue un elemento clave. A nivel de h&aacute;bitat se encontr&oacute; que la densidad arb&oacute;rea y cobertura del dosel determinan la abundancia de murci&eacute;lagos. Los murci&eacute;lagos nectar&iacute;voros y frug&iacute;voros prefieren paisajes con vegetaci&oacute;n alterada y est&aacute;n relacionados principalmente con la configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje. Este fen&oacute;meno podr&iacute;a ser una respuesta a la disponibilidad de alimento en ambientes sucesionales primarios e intermedios, que se caracterizan por una alta proliferaci&oacute;n de plantas con potencial alimenticio.</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Palabras clave: </span>M&eacute;xico, murci&eacute;lagos neotropicales, configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje, los chimalapas, escalas espaciales.    <br>     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     </span></font><font size="2"></font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font size="2"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Las transformaciones que han     sufrido los ecosistemas naturales en el &uacute;ltimo siglo han sido     dram&aacute;ticas, en gran medida por la expansi&oacute;n de las     poblaciones humanas en busca de nuevas zonas habitables y recursos     naturales (Erlich &amp; Wilson 1991; Vitousek et al. 1997). Estas     transformaciones se han manifestado como p&eacute;rdida y     fragmentaci&oacute;n de extensas regiones de vegetaci&oacute;n nativa     (Vitousek et al. 1997). La fragmentaci&oacute;n se define como la     transformaci&oacute;n de un h&aacute;bitat de gran tama&ntilde;o en     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[numerosos fragmentos de &aacute;rea menor, aislados por una matriz de     h&aacute;bitat distinto al original (Wilcove et al. 1986; Andr&eacute;n     1994) y es considerado un proceso de degradaci&oacute;n ambiental     humana-inducida a escala de paisaje (McGarigal &amp; Cushman 2002;     Haila 2002). Se ha observado que taxa distintos responden de manera     diferencial a la fragmentaci&oacute;n del h&aacute;bitat (Fahrig 2003).     La descripci&oacute;n de las consecuencias de este fen&oacute;meno en     murci&eacute;lagos han sido cualitativos y poco claros (Fenton et al.     1992; Estrada et al. 1993, Cosson et al. 1999; Medell&iacute;n et al.     2000), en gran medida porque las aproximaciones no han sido adecuadas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004). Se ha recomenda-do que evaluaciones que     describan elementos expl&iacute;citos de los paisajes fragmentados como     el tama&ntilde;o, forma, grado de aislamiento, efecto de borde y     estructura de la matriz (Ewers &amp; Didham 2006), pudieran ser     adecuados para determinar los efectos de la fragmentaci&oacute;n en     murci&eacute;lagos (Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008;     Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[murci&eacute;lagos representan     un elemento de gran importancia de la biodiversidad de mam&iacute;feros     en la zona Neotropical (Kalko 1998) y es un grupo que se encuentra     amenazado por la fragmentaci&oacute;n y destrucci&oacute;n de los     bosques tropicales (Racey &amp; Entwistle 2003; Meyer &amp; Kalko     2008). De los murci&eacute;lagos que se distribuyen en la zona     Neotropical, la familia Phyllostomidae constituye el grupo m&aacute;s     diverso en n&uacute;mero de especies y en abundancia (Timm 1994;     Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada 2002; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008) y posee una     alta diversificaci&oacute;n tr&oacute;fica, que les confiere un valioso     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[papel en los ecosistemas como polinizadores y dispersores de semillas,     lo que ayuda a mantener la diversidad de plantas, promover la     sucesi&oacute;n secundaria y la regeneraci&oacute;n de los bosques     (Kalko 1998; Patterson et al. 2003). Los murci&eacute;lagos     filost&oacute;midos conforman un tax&oacute;n ideal para probar los     efectos de la fragmentaci&oacute;n, ya que poseen una alta riqueza de     especies, alta diversificaci&oacute;n ecol&oacute;gica, variadas     adaptaciones tr&oacute;ficas, y una considerable movilidad que les     permite cubrir extensas zonas de paisajes fragmentados (Meyer &amp;     Kalko 2008).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Existe una respuesta     diferencial de     vulnerabilidad de las especies murci&eacute;lagos de distintos gremios     tr&oacute;ficos a los disturbios en el h&aacute;bitat (Meyer &amp;     Kalko 2008; Meyer et al. 2008). As&iacute;, especies generalistas, como     los murci&eacute;lagos frug&iacute;voros de dosel (<span      style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus </span>spp.) y     sotobosque (<span style="font-style: italic;">Carollia </span>spp. y <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira </span>spp.) son menos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[susceptibles a     cambios en la estructura del paisaje, debido en gran medida a su     capacidad de explotar recursos alimenticios tanto en bosques continuos     como en ambientes perturbados (Laurance 1991; Cos-son et al. 1999,     Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada 2002; Evelyn     &amp; Stilles 2003; Willig et al. 2007; Loayza &amp; Loiselle, 2008;     Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009), mientras que murci&eacute;lagos     carn&iacute;voros y algunos nectar&iacute;voros con poca movilidad     prefieren forrajear dentro de bosques continuos (Fenton et al. 1992;     Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Meyer et al. 2008a; Meyer &amp; Kalko     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[2008; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Estudios recientes     sugieren que la     fragmentaci&oacute;n altera la estructura espacial del paisaje y con     ello la abundancia, distribuci&oacute;n y la din&aacute;mica de las     poblaciones animales (Wiens 1989). As&iacute; tambi&eacute;n distintos     taxones responden de manera distinta a la composici&oacute;n y     configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje (McGarigal &amp; McComb 1995; Villard     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[et al. 1999). Los elementos de composici&oacute;n del paisaje tienen     mayor poder de predicci&oacute;n que la configuraci&oacute;n en la     abun-dancia a nivel de ensamble y poblaci&oacute;n en aves y     murci&eacute;lagos en paisajes fragmentados (McGarigal &amp; McComb     1995; Villard et al. 1999; Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004; Meyer &amp;     Kalko 2008; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009). De manera particular, se ha     observado que murci&eacute;lagos frug&iacute;voros responden a las     caracter&iacute;sticas de la composici&oacute;n del paisaje, mientras     que las especies animal&iacute;voras son afectadas por cambios en la     configuraci&oacute;n (Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004; Klingbeil &amp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Willig 2009). Estas respuestas especie-espec&iacute;ficas y     ensamble-especificas muestran dependencia de la escala espacial de     an&aacute;lisis (Wiens 1989; Lyons &amp; Willig 2002; Steffan-Dewenter     et al. 2002; Gorresen et al. 2005; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A nivel local se ha     observado que     la fragmentaci&oacute;n de h&aacute;bitat est&aacute; asociada con     cambios dr&aacute;sticos en la composici&oacute;n flor&iacute;stica y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n (Harper et al. 2005; Meyer &amp;     Kalko 2008; Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Castro-Luna et al. 2007). Se     ha descrito que modificaciones en la estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n     original se relacionan con el aumento en la riqueza y abundancia de     murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos en estas &aacute;reas     perturbadas, principalmente de gremios frug&iacute;voros y     nectar&iacute;voros (Castro-Luna et al. 2007; Willig et al. 2007).     As&iacute; tambi&eacute;n elementos como la densidad arb&oacute;rea y     cobertura del dosel est&aacute;n asociados a los cambios en abundancia,     actividad y distribuci&oacute;n vertical de los murci&eacute;lagos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(Ford et al. 2005; Vargas-Contreras et al. 2009; Jo&atilde;o et al.     2010, Rex 2011).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Por lo anterior,     este estudio tuvo     el objetivo de evaluar la relaci&oacute;n de la estructura del paisaje     (i.e. composici&oacute;n y configuraci&oacute;n) y del h&aacute;bitat     (i.e. estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n) con las     caracter&iacute;sticas a nivel de ensamble (abundancia relativa,     riqueza de especies <sup>0</sup>D, &iacute;ndice de diversidad de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Shannon <sup>1</sup>D y     dominancia de Simpson <sup>2</sup>D) y a nivel de poblaci&oacute;n     (abundancia de     especie) de murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos en una selva     tropical del sureste de M&eacute;xico. </span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Materiales y M&eacute;todos</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">&Aacute;rea de estudio:</span> Se ubica     entre las coordenadas 16&ordm;55&#8217;-16&ordm;47&#8217; N -     94&ordm;50&#8217;-94&ordm;40&#8217; W (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18i1.jpg">Fig.     1</a>), en altitudes menores a los 1&#8201;000m     sobre el nivel del mar (msnm), en la selva tropical de Los Chimalapas,     conformado por los municipios Santa Mar&iacute;a y San Miguel     Chimalapa, en el estado de Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico. Esta selva se     encuentra dentro de la Regi&oacute;n Terrestre prioritaria Selva     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Zoque-La Sepultura (Anaya &amp; &Aacute;lvarez 1994; Salas-Morales et     al. 2001). El clima es principalmente c&aacute;lido-h&uacute;medo, y la     vegetaci&oacute;n predominante Selva Alta Perennifolia (SAP)     (Salas-Morales et al. 2001) y se caracteriza por &aacute;rboles de     m&aacute;s de 30m de altura y que mantienen sus hojas todo el     a&ntilde;o; los estratos arb&oacute;reo y arbustivo est&aacute;n     conformados por especies como <span style="font-style: italic;">Guatteria     anomala, Dialium guianense,     Terminalia amazonia, Sloanea tuerckheimii, Brosium alicastrum, Luehea</span>     spp., <span style="font-style: italic;">Pipper </span>spp., <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Guarea </span>spp., <span      style="font-style: italic;">Psichotria </span>sp., <span      style="font-style: italic;">Quararibea </span>sp. y     <span style="font-style: italic;">Miconia </span>sp. (Salas-Morales et     al. 2001). Datos de precipitaci&oacute;n     y temperatura de 29 a&ntilde;os, indican que la estaci&oacute;n seca va     de diciembre a mayo, con promedios mensuales de precipitaci&oacute;n y     temperatura de 84.0mm y 23.8&deg;C, mientras que en la estaci&oacute;n     lluviosa, de junio a noviembre, los valores son de 302.6mm y     25.5&deg;C, respectivamente (IMTA 1999).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Selecci&oacute;n de sitios:</span> Se     procesaron im&aacute;genes de sat&eacute;lite ortorectificadas del     &aacute;rea de estudio (row 23, path 48) del Sensor Landsat 7 ETM+ de     mayo de 2007 (USGS, <a href="http://glovis.usgs.gov/">http://glovis.usgs.gov/</a>).     Las bandas (3-5 y 8)     fueron unidas, y se realiz&oacute; un realce espectral a la imagen     multibanda usando el &Iacute;ndice de Vegetaci&oacute;n Diferencial     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Normalizado (NDVI por su siglas en ingl&eacute;s) (Sellers et al. 1992,     Pettorelli et al. 2005). Al mapa resultante se le aplic&oacute; una     clasificaci&oacute;n supervisada, generando dos categor&iacute;as:     zonas con vegetaci&oacute;n y zonas sin vegetaci&oacute;n aparente con     el programa ERDAS IMAGINE v9.2 (ERDAS Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA). De esta     forma se gener&oacute; un mapa base para la selecci&oacute;n de sitios.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se seleccionaron 33     &aacute;reas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[circulares de 4km de di&aacute;metro sobre el mapa base, como primer     paso para la selecci&oacute;n de sitios potenciales. Estas &aacute;reas     fueron ubicadas por accesibilidad cercana a la carretera principal que     comunica al poblado de Santa Mar&iacute;a Chimalapa (informaci&oacute;n     disponible bajo petici&oacute;n al primer autor). El tama&ntilde;o de     estas &aacute;reas circulares representa un compromiso entre     &aacute;reas peque&ntilde;as donde las caracter&iacute;sticas     biogeogr&aacute;ficas no difieran entre los sitios, pero puedan     considerarse unidades muestreales estad&iacute;sticamente     independientes (separadas por &gt;1km) (Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Gorresen et al. 2005; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008; Klingbeil &amp; Willig     2009). Se recortaron las &aacute;reas circulares en programa ArcGIS 9.3     (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) y para cada una de ellas se obtuvieron siete     medidas del paisaje aplicadas previamente para describir grupos con     variada movilidad como aves y murci&eacute;lagos (McGarigal &amp;     McComb 1995; Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009):     tres de la composici&oacute;n (cobertura de bosque en %; densidad de     fragmentos, fragmentos/100ha; y tama&ntilde;o medio de los fragmentos     medidos en ha) y cuatro de la configuraci&oacute;n (densidad de borde,     m/ha; forma media de fragmentos, medida adimensional obtenida a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[trav&eacute;s de una forma cuadrada te&oacute;rica; &iacute;ndice de     proximidad media, medida adimensional; y distancia media euclidiana al     vecino m&aacute;s cercano, m) (McGarigal &amp; Cushman 2002;     Leit&atilde;o et al. 2006). Las medidas fueron calculadas con el     programa FRAGSTATS v3.3 (McGarigal et al. 2002). Las &aacute;reas     potenciales fueron caracterizadas por las medidas de estructura de     paisaje (informaci&oacute;n disponible bajo petici&oacute;n al primer     autor) y fueron ordenados por medio de un An&aacute;lisis de     Componentes Principales (ACP) en el programa NCSS/PASS 2001 (NCSS     Statistical Software, Kaysville, Utah) a partir de una matriz de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[correlaci&oacute;n de datos estandarizados (Media=0 y DE=1).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los dos primeros     componentes del     ACP explicaron el 64.8% de la variaci&oacute;n en los datos (CP1=50.1%,     CP2=14.7%). El ACP muestra que las &aacute;reas circulares potenciales     pueden separarse (principalmente por el CP1) en bosques continuos con     mayor proporci&oacute;n de cobertura de bosque (&gt;84.96%), baja     densidad de fragmentos (&lt;1.27 fragmentos/100ha) y menor densidad de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[borde (&lt;38.59m/ha), y en bosques fragmentados con baja cobertura de     bosque (&lt;75.87%), alta densidad de fragmentos (&gt;2.46     fragmentos/100ha) y mayor densidad de borde (&gt;62.07m/ha)     (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18a1.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice 1</a>).     Considerando los resultados del ACP se eligieron     12 de las 33 &aacute;reas circulares iniciales, seis con     vegetaci&oacute;n continua y seis con vegetaci&oacute;n fragmentada.     Los sitios de captura de murci&eacute;lagos se ubica-ron cercanos al     centro geom&eacute;trico de las &aacute;reas circulares (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18i1.jpg">Fig. 1</a>).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Captura de murci&eacute;lagos: </span>El     estudio fue conducido desde marzo 2010 a febrero 2012. Se cubrieron     cuatro estaciones (dos temporadas secas y dos lluviosas) durante el     estudio. Cada uno de los 12 sitios fue muestreado aleatoria-mente     durante tres noches en cada estaci&oacute;n. El intervalo de tiempo     entre cada sesi&oacute;n de captura en cada sitio fue de seis meses. En     total se realizaron capturas durante 144 noches (12 sitios*3 noches por     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[estaci&oacute;n*4 estaciones). En cada sitio se emplearon ocho redes de     niebla de (6x2.5m), separadas aproximadamente por 20m, ubicadas en     l&iacute;nea recta sobre los senderos de vegetaci&oacute;n. Las redes     fueron revisadas cada 30min durante un periodo aproximado de 8hr     (18:00hr-02:00hr). Cinco redes se colocaron a nivel del sotobosque     (&lt;4m) y tres a nivel superior de dosel (&gt;4m). El esfuerzo de     captura promedio en cada sitio fue de 10 420.8m<sup>2</sup>r&#8226;hr (metros     cuadrados     de red-hora) (DE=1 388.18), en total se aplic&oacute; un esfuerzo de     125 049.6m<sup>2</sup>r&#8226;hr.</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cada ejemplar fue     identificado     siguiendo las claves para murci&eacute;lagos de &Aacute;lvarez et al.     (1994) y Medell&iacute;n et al. (1997), y se clasificaron siguiendo la     nomenclatura de Simmons (2005). Todos los ejemplares adultos fueron     marcados con collares de nylon numerados (Gannon 1994,     Garc&iacute;a-Garc&iacute;a et al. 2010), para no ser contados     m&aacute;s de una ocasi&oacute;n. Los gremios tr&oacute;ficos fueron     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[determinados a partir de la literatura (Freeman 1998; Wetterer et al.     2000; Nogueira &amp; Peracchi 2003; Giannini &amp; Kalko 2004; Tschapka     2004; Kalka &amp; Kalko 2006; da Silva et al. 2008) (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18a2.jpg">Ap&eacute;ndice 2</a>).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Caracterizaci&oacute;n de la     estructura del paisaje:</span> Para evaluar la respuesta de los     murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos a la estructura del paisaje a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[nivel de ensamble y poblaci&oacute;n, se dise&ntilde;&oacute; un     sistema de escala anidada (Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004; Gorresen et al.     2005), estableciendo tres c&iacute;rculos conc&eacute;ntricos (1, 2.5 y     4km de di&aacute;metro) al punto de muestreo. Este dise&ntilde;o     responde al escaso conocimiento de la escala adecuada de     an&aacute;lisis para murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos y la     informaci&oacute;n incompleta del &aacute;mbito de acci&oacute;n y     movimiento de este grupo para el &aacute;rea de estudio. El valor     m&aacute;ximo fue determinado tomando en cuenta el criterio de la     distancia m&iacute;nima entre los sitios de muestreo y el m&aacute;s     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[peque&ntilde;o tomando en cuenta el posible &aacute;mbito de     acci&oacute;n y movimiento nocturno de especies de talla peque&ntilde;a     y media previamente descritas, como <span style="font-style: italic;">Glossophaga     </span>spp. (movimiento     promedio por noche&lt;1 081m), <span style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus     </span>spp. de tama&ntilde;o     peque&ntilde;o (antes <span style="font-style: italic;">Dermanura </span>spp.,     &aacute;mbito de     acci&oacute;n&lt; 9ha) y <span style="font-style: italic;">Platyrrhinus     helleri</span> (movimiento promedio por     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[noche&lt;1 000m) (Lemke 1984; Fenton et al. 2001; Albrecht et al. 2007;     Chaverri et al. 2007; Medina et al. 2007). En cada c&iacute;rculo     anidado se obtuvieron las siete medidas de la estructura del paisaje     mencionados en el apartado de selecci&oacute;n de sitios.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Caracterizaci&oacute;n de la     estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n:</span> En cada uno de los 12 sitios     de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[muestreo se estableci&oacute; un transecto de 100m, y se realiz&oacute;     un muestreo de cuadrantes centra-dos en un punto cada 10m     (Mueller-Dombois &amp; Ellenberg 1974). En el centro se trazaron dos     l&iacute;neas imaginarias perpendiculares con las que se obtuvieron     cuatro cuadrantes. Dentro de cada uno se consider&oacute; al arbusto     (&gt;1.5m y &lt;3m altura) y &aacute;rbol (&gt;3m) m&aacute;s cercano     al centro y se midi&oacute; su distancia al centro, la altura (mediante     un clin&oacute;metro marca Brunton), cobertura y di&aacute;metro a la     altura de pecho (DAP) (Mueller-Dombois &amp; Ellenberg 1974). Se     estim&oacute; la densidad (m<sup>2</sup>) arb&oacute;rea y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[herb&aacute;cea como     100/distancia media de la planta m&aacute;s cercana al centro del     cuadrante. La cobertura (m<sup>2</sup>) con la aproximaci&oacute;n de     la elipse     (d1+d2/4)<sup>2</sup>*&#960;, donde d1 es el di&aacute;metro mayor de la     copa y d2     di&aacute;metro perpendicular a d1. El &aacute;rea basal (m<sup>2</sup>)     se     estim&oacute; &uacute;nicamente para &aacute;rboles como &#960;*(DAP<sup>2</sup>/4).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se midi&oacute; la     riqueza de     especies (<sup>0</sup>D), diversidad de orden 1 (el &iacute;ndice de     Shannon-Wiener, <sup>1</sup>D) y diversidad de orden 2 (&iacute;ndice     de Simpson,     <sup>2</sup>D) en cada sitio, en bosques continuos, fragmentados y en     conjunto.     Estas medidas fueron expresadas en t&eacute;rminos de n&uacute;mero     efectivo de especies (Hill 1973, Jost 2006). Los c&aacute;lculos se     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[realizaron con el paquete Bio-diversityR (Kindt &amp; Coe 2005)     ejecutado en la plataforma R v2.14.0 (R Development Core Team 2009). La     abundancia relativa se expres&oacute; dividiendo el n&uacute;mero de     ejemplares de cada especie capturado entre el esfuerzo de muestreo     (metros cuadrados de red-hora y multiplicados por 100) aplicado en cada     sitio (Straube &amp; Bianconi 2002). Se realizaron comparaciones de la     abundancia relativa y diversidad entre ambos complejos de     vegetaci&oacute;n por medio de una prueba de t-Student para dos     muestras.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se evalu&oacute; la     representatividad de los inventarios en cada sitio a trav&eacute;s de     curvas de acumulaci&oacute;n de especies basadas en muestras (Gotelli     &amp; Colwell 2001). Las curvas se obtuvieron mediante la     elaboraci&oacute;n de matrices de presencia-ausencia que se     aleatorizaron 100 ocasiones para eliminar el efecto del orden     espec&iacute;fico en que ingresan los datos en la construcci&oacute;n     de las curvas, en el programa EstimateS versi&oacute;n 8.2.0 (Colwell     2011). Adicionalmente se calcul&oacute; el n&uacute;mero esperado de     especies que ocurren en cada sitio mediante la aplicaci&oacute;n del     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[estimador no param&eacute;trico Jackknife de primer orden, que tiene un     buen desempe&ntilde;o de sesgo, precisi&oacute;n y exactitud (Walther     &amp; Moore 2005), y es recomendado para taxones m&oacute;viles (Brose     &amp; Mart&iacute;nez 2004). La completitud de los inventarios se     obtuvo midiendo el porcentaje que representan las especies observadas     respecto a las esperadas (Moreno &amp; Halffter 2000).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se emple&oacute; un     an&aacute;lisis     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de correspondencia (AC) para evaluar las diferencias en     composici&oacute;n de especies entre bosques continuos y fragmentados.     El AC permite evaluar la asociaci&oacute;n de la abundancia de las     especies (filas) y las agregaciones de cada sitio (columnas) y     representarlas en un espacio de pocas dimensiones (McCune &amp; Grace     2002; Hair et al. 2009). Esta t&eacute;cnica multivariada es apropiada     cuando las respuestas de las especies a los gradientes ambientales     subyacentes podr&iacute;an ser &uacute;nicas y bien determinadas (forma     de campana) (ter Braak 1987; ter Braak &amp; Verdonschot 1995) o bien     cuando la interpretaci&oacute;n de los elementos de la matriz (filas y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[columnas) necesita hacerse en conjunto (McCune &amp; Grace 2002).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se analiz&oacute; la     relaci&oacute;n entre las siete variables de la estructura del paisaje     y las caracter&iacute;sticas de las agregaciones (abundancia relativa y     diversidad 0D, 1D y 2D) y a nivel poblacional (&uacute;nicamente para     especies presentes en m&aacute;s de seis sitios y representadas por     m&aacute;s de 10 individuos). Se emple&oacute; la t&eacute;cnica de     Partici&oacute;n Jer&aacute;rquica (Modelo Lineal Generalizado) (Chevan     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[&amp; Sutherland 1991), que tiene como objetivo generar una base     estad&iacute;stica detallada para infe-rir la causalidad en regresiones     multivariadas y no para identificar un submodelo &oacute;ptimo o una     ecuaci&oacute;n predictiva (Chevan &amp; Sutherland 1991; Watson &amp;     Peterson 1999; Mac Nally 2000, 2002; Smith et al. 2009). Basa sus     c&aacute;lculos en la medici&oacute;n del efecto de cada variable de     manera independiente y en conjunto con las otras variables (Mac Nally     2000, 2002). Esta t&eacute;cnica es apropiada cuando existen problemas     de multicolinearidad de variables y cuando se emplean &lt;10 variables     explicativas en los c&aacute;lculos, como en este caso (Chevan &amp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Sutherland 1991, Olea et al. 2010).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los c&aacute;lculos     se realizaron     con el paquete hier.part v1.0-1 (Mac Nally &amp; Walsh 2004) en la     plataforma R v2.14.0. La riqueza de especies (conteos) fue modelada     usando una aproximaci&oacute;n de errores tipo Poisson y para el resto     de las variables de respuesta fueron errores tipos Gaussiano. La     significancia estad&iacute;stica (p&#8804;0.05) de las contribuciones     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[independientes de las variables fue probada mediante una rutina de     aleatorizaci&oacute;n (1 000 iteraciones) (hier.part v1.0-1). Se     aplic&oacute; el mismo procedimiento estad&iacute;stico empleado en la     evaluaci&oacute;n de los efectos de la estructura del paisaje para     analizar el efecto de cuatro caracter&iacute;sticas arbustivas y     arb&oacute;reas de la vegetaci&oacute;n (densidad, altura, cobertura y     &aacute;rea basal) en cada sitio y su efecto a nivel de ensamble y     poblaci&oacute;n.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">Resultados</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Diversidad, abundancia y     composici&oacute;n de agregaciones:</span> Se capturaron 1 840     ejemplares de     29 especies de murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18t1.gif">Cuadro 1</a>). En     bosques continuos se capturaron 747 ejemplares de 25 especies     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(esfuerzo=69 139.2m <sup>2</sup>r&#8226;hr) y en fragmentados 1 093     ejemplares de 25     especies (esfuerzo=55 910.4m<sup>2</sup>r&#8226;hr). Los bosques continuos     (Media=1.08,     DE=0.273) y fragmentados (Media=1.96, DE=0.66) difirieron     significativamente en la abundancia relativa (t-Student=3.04, p=0.012),     pero no en la riqueza (<sup>0</sup>D) de especies (t-Student=1.40,     p=0.189). Los     bosques continuos (Media=9.8, DE=1.72) presentaron valores mayores,     pero no signi-ficativos de diversidad <sup>1</sup>D (t-Student=1.79,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[p=0.102),     respecto a fragmentados (Media=7.9, DE=2.071). Los valores de     diversidad<sup> 2</sup>D de bosques fragmentados (Media=6.6, DE=2.22) y     continuos     (Media=7.8, DE=2.21) fueron similares (t-Student=0.92, p=0.377). El     valor de completitud promedio en bosques continuos (78.4%) fue     ligeramente mayor a fragmentados (77.15%). Las especies m&aacute;s     abundantes en bosques continuos fueron <span      style="font-style: italic;">Carollia sowelli</span> (abundancia     relativa 1.6, 24.9%), <span style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[jamaicensis</span> (0.8, 13.1%), <span style="font-style: italic;">Dermanura     watsoni </span>(0.7, 11.1%) y <span style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira     lilium</span> (0.4, 7.4%), en conjunto     representaron el 56.5% de las capturas. Mientras que en fragmentados,     <span style="font-style: italic;">S. lilium</span> (2.1, 18%), <span      style="font-style: italic;">C. sowelli </span>(1.6, 14%), <span      style="font-style: italic;">A. lituratus</span> (1.6, 14%) y     <span style="font-style: italic;">Glossophaga morenoi </span>(1.4,     12%) representan el 58% de las capturas.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">En bosques continuos     se registraron     cuatro especies exclusivas, <span style="font-style: italic;">A.     aztecus, Glyphonycteris sylvestris,     Hylonycteris underwoodi</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Vampyrum     spectrum</span>, y en fragmentados     tambi&eacute;n se registraron cuatro especies exclusivas, <span      style="font-style: italic;">Desmodus     rotundus, Lonchorhina aurita, Micronycteris schmidtorum</span> y <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Uroderma     bilobatum.</span> Ambos complejos de vegetaci&oacute;n comparten 21     especies     (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18i2.jpg">Fig. 2</a>), de los cuales     <span style="font-style: italic;">S. lilium</span>     (t-Student=4.851, p&lt;0.001) y <span style="font-style: italic;">G.     soricina</span> (t-Student=2.210, p=0.051) (marginalmente     significativo)     fueron m&aacute;s abundante en bosques fragmentados que en continuos.     Caso contrario sucede con <span style="font-style: italic;">S. ludovici</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(t-Stu-dent=2.388, p=0.038) y     <span style="font-style: italic;">Phyllostomus</span> <span      style="font-style: italic;">discolor </span>(t-Student=2.178,     p=0.054) (marginalmente     significativo), que son m&aacute;s abundantes en bosques continuos.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los     espec&iacute;menes capturados     representa-ron seis gremios tr&oacute;ficos (<a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18t1.gif">Cuadro 1</a>). Los     murci&eacute;lagos frug&iacute;voros especialistas de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Ficus </span>(FF, S=11     especies, n=682 individuos), frug&iacute;voros especialistas de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Piper     </span>(FP, S=5, n=638) y nectar&iacute;voros (Nec, S= 6, n=342) fueron     los     m&aacute;s importantes en riqueza de especies y abundancia; mientras     que los omn&iacute;voros (Omn, S=2, n=54), animal&iacute;voros (Anm,     S=4, n=23) y hemat&oacute;fagos (Hem, S=1, N=58) fueron menos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[destacados. Los bosques fragmentados muestran mayor abundancia de     gremios FF, FP y Nec que los continuos (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18i3.jpg">Fig. 3</a>). Sin embargo la     abundancia de todos los gremios no difiere entre ambos complejos     (t-Student=0.960, p=0.359). Las diferencias de los gremios     tr&oacute;ficos (riqueza y abundancia) entre sitios en cada complejo     tampoco son significativas (p&gt;0.05).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El AC indica que las     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[dos primeras     dimensiones (ejes) explican el 45.7% de la variaci&oacute;n en los     datos (inercia total=1.018, X&sup2;=1873.8, g.l.=308, p&lt;0.001). A     pesar que el CA tiene bajo poder explicativo se emplea para dilucidar     los patrones en la composici&oacute;n de las agregaciones. La primera     dimensi&oacute;n muestra una separaci&oacute;n de agregaciones por su     ubicaci&oacute;n en bosques continuos o fragmentados (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18i4.jpg">Fig. 4</a>), y la     segunda muestra una separaci&oacute;n de especies por su afinidad de     h&aacute;bitat. Tambi&eacute;n se distinguen dos grupos, el primero     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[conformado de tres sitios de bosques continuos (C6, C2 y C5) y con     predominio de <span style="font-style: italic;">Phyllostomus discolor,     Artibeus phaeotis, Glossophaga     commisarisi, G. leachii</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Centurio     senex</span>, especies con mayor presencia     y abundancia relativa en bosques continuos. El segundo grupo lo     componen los sitios F3, F6 y C4, con un predominio de <span      style="font-style: italic;">A. watsoni, C.     perspicillata</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Plathyrrhinus     helleri.</span> Las dos primeras especies     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[presentes en bosques continuos y fragmentados, pero con mayor     abundancia en el &uacute;ltimo.<span style="font-style: italic;"> P.     helleri</span> tambi&eacute;n est&aacute;     presente en ambos complejos, pero es m&aacute;s abundante en los     continuos. El resto de las agregaciones no muestran una     agrupaci&oacute;n clara.</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Estructura del paisaje:</span> A nivel de     ensamble la abundancia relativa, diversidad <sup>1</sup>D y <sup>2</sup>D     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[responden a     caracter&iacute;sticas de la configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18t2.gif">Cuadro     2</a>). La diversidad<sup>1</sup>D y <sup>2</sup>D muestran una     respuesta     negativa a la densidad     de borde y forma de los fragmentos a escala grande (4km de     di&aacute;metro) e intermedia (2.5km). La abundancia relativa responde     positivamente a la proximidad de los fragmentos a escala peque&ntilde;a     (1km). A nivel poblacional (abundancia relativa de las especies), se     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[encontr&oacute; que los murci&eacute;lagos nectar&iacute;voros     responden positivamente a caracter&iacute;sticas de     configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje (forma, proximidad y distancia media)     y negativamente a las de composici&oacute;n (cobertura de bosque y     tama&ntilde;o medio de fragmento). Los miembros del genero <span      style="font-style: italic;">Carollia     </span>(FP) responden a la cobertura de bosque (a todas las escalas),     proximidad y distancia media de fragmentos, mientras que las especies     del g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira </span>responden     positivamente a la densidad de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[borde y forma de fragmentos a escalas grande e intermedia. Los     murci&eacute;lagos FF son afectados principalmente por variables de     configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje, de manera positiva por la forma,     proximidad y distancia de fragmentos, y negativamente por la densidad     de borde. En menor medida son afectados por la densidad (<span      style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus     lituratus</span>) y tama&ntilde;o medio de fragmentos (<span      style="font-style: italic;">Vampyrodes major</span>).     Murci&eacute;lagos omn&iacute;voros muestran poco efecto de la     estructura del paisaje, solo <span style="font-style: italic;">Centurio     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[senex</span> es afectada negativamente     por la densidad de borde a escala grande.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><span      style="font-weight: bold;">Estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n:</span>     La estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n de bosques continuos se     caracteriz&oacute; por mayor densidad arb&oacute;rea y arbustiva     (informaci&oacute;n disponible bajo petici&oacute;n al primer autor),     mayor cobertura arb&oacute;rea y altura de dosel (arb&oacute;rea). Los     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[bosques fragmentados se caracterizan por menor densidad arb&oacute;rea     y arbustiva y altura de dosel, pero mayor cobertura arbustiva. La     abundancia relativa de murci&eacute;lagos muestra un efecto de la     densidad (positivo) y cobertura arb&oacute;rea (negativo) a nivel de     ensamble (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v62n1/a18t3.gif">Cuadro 3</a>). <span      style="font-style: italic;">Glosshopaga     morenoi</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">G. soricina</span>     (Nec) muestran     efecto negativo de la densidad arb&oacute;rea y positivo de la     cobertura arbustiva, respectivamente. La densidad (negativo) y altura     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[del dosel (positivo) son caracter&iacute;sticas que influyen en la     abundancia de <span style="font-style: italic;">Carollia sowelli</span>     y <span style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira lilium </span>(FP),     respectivamente.     <span style="font-style: italic;">S. ludovici</span> es afectada     positivamente por la cobertura arbustiva. Los     murci&eacute;lagos FF son afectados por la densidad arbustiva (<span      style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus     watsoni </span>y <span style="font-style: italic;">Vampyrodes major</span>)     y &aacute;rea basal (<span style="font-style: italic;">Plathyrrhinus     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[helleri</span>), mientras que las especies omn&iacute;voras no muestran     un     efecto de la estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n. </span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Discusi&oacute;n</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Contrario a lo     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[encontrado en     bosques altamente fragmentados (Estrada et al. 1993; Cosson et al.     1999; Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008), los efectos     de la fragmentaci&oacute;n se manifiestan como modificaciones en la     abundancia relativa de las especies. Este patr&oacute;n concuerda con     lo encontrado en paisajes con fragmentaci&oacute;n moderada (Gorresen     &amp; Willig 2004; Clarke et al. 2005a, b; Willig et al. 2007;     Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009; Presley et al. 2009). Los bosques     fragmentados muestran mayor abundancia de murci&eacute;lagos     frug&iacute;voros, en particular de especies que se alimentan de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[frutos de plantas de estados sucesionales tempranos o medios como     <span style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira lilium</span> y <span      style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus lituratus</span> (Fleming &amp;     Heithaus 1986;     Fleming 1988; Garc&iacute;a et al. 2000; Faria 2006; Willig et al.     2007), as&iacute; como la presencia de nectar&iacute;voros tolerantes a     &aacute;reas perturbadas como <span style="font-style: italic;">Glossophaga     morenoi</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">G. soricina</span>     (Arita     &amp; Santos-del-Prado 1999; Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada 2002; Clarke     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[et al. 2005a; Willig et al. 2007).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Entre las especies     registradas solo     en bosques continuos se encontr&oacute; a <span      style="font-style: italic;">Vampyrum spectrum</span>, un     murci&eacute;lago carn&iacute;voro exclusivo de bosques tropicales en     buen estado de conservaci&oacute;n (L&oacute;pez et al. 1998;     Vehrencamp et al. 1977), as&iacute; como <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Glyphonycteris sylvestris,     Hylonycteris underwoodi</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus     aztecus</span>, murci&eacute;lagos     localmente poco abundantes con preferencias por ambientes conservados     (Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada 1993; Arita &amp; Santos-del-Prado 1999;     Clarke et al. 2005a; Castro-Luna et al. 2007; Willig et al. 2007). En     bosques fragmentados, <span style="font-style: italic;">Desmodus     rotundus</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Lonchorhina aurita</span>     fueron     especies exclusivas con alta abundancia relativa, la primera asociada     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[por sus h&aacute;bitos alimenticios a sitios perturbados con     ganader&iacute;a (Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Bernard &amp; Fenton     2002; Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada 2002) y la segunda, un     murci&eacute;lago perchador de follaje que probablemente prefiere     forrajear en &aacute;reas abiertas o en el borde de la selva (Klingbeil     &amp; Willig 2009).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El AC muestra mayor     variaci&oacute;n en composici&oacute;n de las agregaciones de bosques     fragmentados, form&aacute;ndose un gradiente de composici&oacute;n,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[desde agregaciones que podr&iacute;an ser t&iacute;picos de bosques     fragmentados a agregaciones fragmentadas que muestran una     composici&oacute;n parecida a los de bosques continuos. Estas     variaciones en composici&oacute;n de agregaciones se han documentado en     paisajes fragmentados de reciente formaci&oacute;n (Gorresen &amp;     Willig 2004; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009) y se ha propuesto que estos     sistemas no han alcanzado cierta estabilidad en sus atributos (e.g.     riqueza, abundancia especies), para que las diferencias con las     agregaciones de bosques continuos sean evidentes (Ewers &amp; Didham     2006; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009).</span></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La estructura del     paisaje y sus     relaciones con las caracter&iacute;sticas a nivel de ensamble y     poblaci&oacute;n muestran efecto de la escala espacial, con mayor poder     de predicci&oacute;n en la escala media y grande. Estos resultados     refuerzan las evidencias de una respuesta diferencial en     murci&eacute;lagos a distintas escalas de paisaje (Gorresen &amp;     Willig 2004; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009). La     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje es un elemento determinante en los     atributos a nivel de agregaciones y se observa un efecto negativo de la     densidad de borde sobre la diversidad <sup>1</sup>D de las     agregaciones. Este     patr&oacute;n se ha observado en ambientes fragmentados, donde la     sensibilidad al borde de las especies est&aacute; asociado fuertemente     con la presencia y abundancia en los fragmentos de vegetaci&oacute;n     (Meyer et al. 2008). Tambi&eacute;n se observ&oacute; un efecto     significativo sobre la abundancia y diversidad <sup>2</sup>D en las     agregaciones     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[de otros elementos de configuraci&oacute;n, como la proximidad entre     fragmentos (positivo) y su forma (negativo).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los     murci&eacute;lagos     nectar&iacute;voros presentan mayor abundancia en bosques fragmentados     y est&aacute;n afectados por la configuraci&oacute;n y     composici&oacute;n de &eacute;ste. Esta observaci&oacute;n es ilustrada     por dos tendencias, la primera es observada con <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">G. soricina</span> y <span      style="font-style: italic;">G.     morenoi</span> que muestran mayor preferencia por ambientes     fragmentados donde     la proximidad y tama&ntilde;o de los fragmentos son menores y la     distancia entre fragmentos es alta. La otra tendencia es una respuesta     negativa a paisajes con mayor cobertura de bosque, pero positiva a     paisajes con fragmentos irregulares (basados en un forma cuadrangular     te&oacute;rica y con mayor &aacute;rea interior) y mayor distancia     entre fragmentos, como en <span style="font-style: italic;">G.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[comisariss</span>i y <span style="font-style: italic;">Choeroniscus     godmani.</span> El     efecto conjunto de variables de composici&oacute;n (cobertura de     bosque) y configuraci&oacute;n (proximidad) del paisaje en     murci&eacute;lagos nectar&iacute;voros ha sido observado previamente en     otros paisajes fragmentados (Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004; Klingbeil     &amp; Willig 2009). La tendencia de los glosofaginos (i.e. <span      style="font-style: italic;">Glossophaga     </span>spp.) a forrajear en ambientes perturbados es favorecida por la     alta     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[disponibilidad de plantas con flores en estados sucesionales     primarios (Faria 2006; Willig et al. 2007; Avila-Cabadilla et al. 2009).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se ha documentado     que los     murci&eacute;lagos frug&iacute;voros de sotobosque de los     g&eacute;neros <span style="font-style: italic;">Carollia </span>y <span      style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira </span>son comunes en zonas     abiertas y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[&aacute;rea de vegetaci&oacute;n secundaria, probablemente en respuesta     a la mayor disponibilidad de alimento (Dinerstein 1986; Fleming 1988;     Thies &amp; Kalko 2004; Willig et al. 2007). En este estudio se     encontr&oacute; que especies del genero <span      style="font-style: italic;">Carollia </span>muestran efectos     diversos a la cobertura de bosque, pero preferencia por paisajes con     alta proximidad y distancia entre fragmentos. Por otra parte, los     murci&eacute;lagos del g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Sturnira     </span>son m&aacute;s afines a     paisajes con alta densidad de borde y fragmentos de forma irregular.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Estas evidencias coinciden parcialmente con lo encontrado en Paraguay     con <span style="font-style: italic;">S. lilium</span> y <span      style="font-style: italic;">C. perspicillata</span> (Gorresen &amp;     Willig 2004).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Los     murci&eacute;lagos FF de talla     peque&ntilde;a (<span style="font-style: italic;">Artibeus watsoni, A.     phaeotis</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">Platyrrhinus     helleri</span>)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[muestran una fuerte influencia de la configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje,     coincidiendo con lo informado previamente (Klingbeil &amp; Willig     2009), en particular, la densidad de borde (negativo), proximidad y     forma (positiva) de fragmentos. Atribuimos estos resultados a la     preferencia de estas especies por bosques continuos y a la baja     movilidad y &aacute;mbitos de acci&oacute;n peque&ntilde;os (&lt;9ha)     (Fenton et al. 2001; Albrecht et al. 2007; Chaverri et al. 2007; Medina     et al. 2007). Por otro lado, los murci&eacute;lagos de tama&ntilde;o     grande como <span style="font-style: italic;">A. lituratus</span> y <span      style="font-style: italic;">Vampyrodes major</span> son afectados por     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[la     densidad y tama&ntilde;o de los fragmentos. Se ha observado que estos     murci&eacute;lagos poseen alta movilidad y explotan una serie de     recursos (Ficus spp.) en todo el paisaje fragmentado (Morrison 1980;     Handley et al. 1991; Estrada &amp; Coates-Estrada 2002; Medina et al.     2007), y la configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje podr&iacute;a no ser un     elemento determinante como lo es la composici&oacute;n (Meyer &amp;     Kalko 2008).</span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Destaca la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[influencia de la     configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje en la abundancia a nivel de ensamble y     poblaciones. Estos resultados difieren de lo encontrado en bosques     fragmentados de Paraguay y el Amazonas (Gorresen &amp; Willig 2004;     Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009), donde se encontr&oacute; que elementos de     composici&oacute;n del paisaje tienen mayor poder predictivo a nivel de     ensamble y poblaci&oacute;n. Este fen&oacute;meno puede ser el     resultado de dos factores: el patr&oacute;n de deforestaci&oacute;n y     la naturaleza de la matriz. Las tasas de deforestaci&oacute;n en     Paraguay son altas, &uacute;nicamente permanecen el 20% de los bosques     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[continuos (Keel et al. 1993; Gorresen Willig 2004), mientras que en los     bosques del Amazonas ocurre de manera intensiva a peque&ntilde;a escala     (27- 99% de permanec&iacute;a de bosques) (Klingbeil &amp; Willig     2009). En el presente estudio la cobertura promedio de bosque es mayor     a 70% (DE&gt;22), por lo que la deforestaci&oacute;n es relativamente     baja en todas las escalas, a diferencia de los patrones de los estudios     anteriores. </span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Las     caracter&iacute;sticas de la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[matriz circundante a los fragmentos de bosques son determinantes en su     conectividad funcional (Antongiovanni &amp; Metzger 2005; Ewers &amp;     Didham 2006; Meyer &amp; Kalko 2008). La matriz en el paisaje estudiado     se caracteriza por un predominio de pastizales inducidos para la     ganader&iacute;a semi-intensiva y zonas de cultivo itinerante     (Salas-Morales et al. 2001). Esto produce un sistema de alto contraste     matriz-fragmentos y posiblemente sea poco permeable para el movimiento     de especies de murci&eacute;lagos sensibles a la perturbaci&oacute;n.     Con estas caracter&iacute;sticas de la matriz, la configuraci&oacute;n     del paisaje es un elemento fundamental para explicar las     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[caracter&iacute;sticas de las agregaciones y poblaciones, al contrario     de lo que ocurre en los bosques donde la explotaci&oacute;n forestal es     selectiva y no intensiva o extensiva (Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009).     Cuando la deforestaci&oacute;n es extensiva, se presenta una     r&aacute;pida conversi&oacute;n de bosques a tierras agr&iacute;colas,     se crea un paisaje de islas peque&ntilde;as y aisladas de     vegetaci&oacute;n original (Keel et al. 1993; Gorresen &amp; Willig     2004), donde el comportamiento de las especies es m&aacute;s parecido     al de zonas con disturbios antropog&eacute;nicos a gran escala. </span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">La abundancia de     murci&eacute;lagos     filost&oacute;midos a nivel de ensamble es afectada por la densidad     arb&oacute;rea y cobertura del dosel. Esta respuesta se expresa en un     aumento de la abundancia de murci&eacute;lagos en funci&oacute;n del     aumento de la cobertura del dosel y disminuci&oacute;n de la densidad     arb&oacute;rea. Previamente se ha enconrado que la cobertura de dosel     es un elemento determinante en la abundancia y actividad de     murci&eacute;lagos (Ford et al. 2005; Castro-Luna et al. 2007) y se ha     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[interpretado como una res-puesta al riesgo de depredaci&oacute;n o la     disponibilidad de alimento (Estrada et al. 1993; Hecker &amp; Brigham     1999; Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Kalko&nbsp; &amp; Handley 2001;     Castro-Luna et al. 2007). Posiblemente la abundancia sea el resultado     de la interacci&oacute;n de estos dos elementos, sin embargo     consideramos que la disponibilidad alimenticia podr&iacute;a ser la     causa m&aacute;s importante, ya que la densidad y cobertura del dosel     son elementos asociados a ella (Castro-Luna et al. 2007),     principalmente por la abundancia de plantas t&iacute;picas de     vegetaci&oacute;n secundaria, un recurso alimenticio potencial para     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos (Charles-Dominique 1986; Fleming     1988; Tschapka, 2004; Vargas-Contreras et al. 2009). </span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">A nivel poblacional     se encontraron     dos respuestas a la estructura de la vegetaci&oacute;n, que determinan     la abundancia de las especies de murci&eacute;lagos. Primero, algunas     especies de nectar&iacute;voros y FP prefieren h&aacute;bitats de     vegetaci&oacute;n perturbada con baja densidad arb&oacute;rea (<span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">G.     morenoi</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">C sowelli</span>) y     arbustiva (<span style="font-style: italic;">A. watsoni</span>), baja     altura de dosel (<span style="font-style: italic;">S.     lilium</span>), pero con alta cobertura arbustiva (<span      style="font-style: italic;">G. soricina</span>). Segundo,     especies que prefieren h&aacute;bitats de bosques cerrados     (frug&iacute;voros especialistas de Ficus), es decir, con alta     cobertura (<span style="font-style: italic;">S. ludovici</span>) y baja     densidad arbustiva (<span style="font-style: italic;">V. major</span>)     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[y     &aacute;rboles con mayor &aacute;rea basal (<span      style="font-style: italic;">P. helleri</span>). La     distribuci&oacute;n de especies, podr&iacute;a ser el resultado de una     combinaci&oacute;n de factores, como las caracter&iacute;sticas de     forrajeo, condiciones microambientales, abundancia y calidad de     recursos y la distribuci&oacute;n espacial (estratificaci&oacute;n     espacial) (Kalko &amp; Handley 2001; Bernard 2001; Vargas-Contreras et     al. 2009; Jo&atilde;o et al. 2010; Rex 2011). Se ha documentado que     murci&eacute;lagos nectar&iacute;voros y frug&iacute;voros     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[especialistas de Piper prefieren forrajear en el sotobosque (Bernard     2001; Jo&atilde;o et al. 2010), donde el alimento es m&aacute;s     abundante (Fleming &amp; Heithaus 1986; Marinho-Filho 1991; Thies &amp;     Kalko 2004) y disminuye el riesgo de depredaci&oacute;n (Kalko &amp;     Handley 2001). Lo contrario sucede con murci&eacute;lagos FF que     est&aacute;n asociados al dosel, donde el alimento se encuentra en     mayor cantidad y calidad (Kalko &amp; Handley 2001; Bernard 2001;     Giannini &amp; Kalko 2004; Vargas-Contreras et al. 2009).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Destaca la     importancia de la     configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje en las caracter&iacute;sticas a nivel     de ensamble y poblaci&oacute;n. Contraponi&eacute;ndose a lo encontrado     previamente en murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos y en otros grupos     de animales donde la composici&oacute;n del paisaje es determinante     (McGarigal &amp; McCom 1995; Trzcinski et al. 1999; Gorresen &amp;     Willig 2004; Heikkinen et al. 2004; Klingbeil &amp; Willig 2009). Se ha     documentado que alteraciones en la configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje     pueden alterar las habilidades de dispersi&oacute;n y disminuir las     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[probabilidades de persistencia de las poblaciones animales     (B&eacute;lisle 2005), por lo que determinar los efectos de la     configuraci&oacute;n del paisaje puede ser m&aacute;s importante para     contribuir al entendimiento de la conectividad funcional y la     din&aacute;mica meta-poblacional de los murci&eacute;lagos. Sin embargo     tambi&eacute;n se ha planteado que la importancia de los elementos del     paisaje (composici&oacute;n y configuraci&oacute;n) es controversial y     pueden variar dependiendo de las caracter&iacute;sticas de las especies     o el gremio tr&oacute;fico (Villard et al 1999).</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Se resalta la alta     diversidad y     abundancia de murci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos registrados, solo     comparable con lo descrito en algunas regiones del sureste de     M&eacute;xico (Medell&iacute;n et al. 2000; Estrada &amp;     Coates-Estrada 2002; Montiel et al. 2006; Castro-Luna et al. 2007;     Garc&iacute;a-Garc&iacute;a &amp; Santos-Moreno 2008). En conjunto     estas regiones representan el &uacute;ltimo reservorio de la     distribuci&oacute;n m&aacute;s norte&ntilde;a de muchos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[mur-ci&eacute;lagos filost&oacute;midos de origen Neotropical. Por lo     que es necesario el establecimiento de estrategias de     conservaci&oacute;n y reservas ecol&oacute;gicas que aseguren la     conservaci&oacute;n de los murci&eacute;lagos en la regi&oacute;n.     Particularmente en la selva de Los Chimalapas que ha sido centro de     graves conflictos sociales por la tenencia de la tierra, adem&aacute;s     de ser una zona de incendios forestales, elevada actividad ganadera y     extracci&oacute;n de &aacute;rboles maderables (Asbjornsen &amp;     Gallardo-Hern&aacute;ndez 2004; Asbjornsen et al. 2005), que     posiblemente ha derivado en una p&eacute;rdida aun no cuantificada de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[la cobertura vegetal y en general de la biodiversidad, en un periodo de     tiempo relativamente corto, a partir de la d&eacute;cada de 1950     (Ceballos et al. 1998; Watson &amp; Peterson 1999; Salas-Morales et al.     2001; Asbjornsen &amp; Gallardo-Hern&aacute;ndez 2004). En el     dise&ntilde;o de estas reservas se deben considerar una perspectiva a     escalas espaciales m&uacute;ltiples que tomen en cuenta la estructura     del paisaje (i.e. composici&oacute;n y configuraci&oacute;n) y de la     vegetaci&oacute;n (h&aacute;bitat) y su influencia en las agregaciones     y poblaciones de murci&eacute;lagos.</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-weight: bold;" size="3"><span      style="font-family: verdana;">Agradecimientos</span></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">El Consejo Nacional     de Ciencia y     Tecno-log&iacute;a de M&eacute;xico otorgo una beca de estudios (No.     228955) de posgrado al primer autor. Esta investigaci&oacute;n tuvo     apoyo econ&oacute;mico de la Secretar&iacute;a de Investigaci&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[y Posgrado del Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional de M&eacute;xico a     trav&eacute;s de los proyectos SIP-20100377, SIP-20110395 y SIP-     20120962, y del Programa Institucional de Formaci&oacute;n de     Investigadores (PIFI). Se agradece las observaciones para la mejora del     presente documento de D. Mondrag&oacute;n, G. Ramos, R. del Castillo y     R. Solano. Se agradece a las autoridades del municipio de Santa     Mar&iacute;a Chimalapa y a las personas que dieron invaluable     asistencia en el trabajo de campo.    <br> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> </span></font><font size="2"></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="3"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Referencias</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: left;"><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;">Albrecht, L., Meyer, C. F. J., &amp; Kalko, E. K. V. (2007). 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Deep ground fires cause massive above- and below-ground biomass losses in tropical montane cloud forests in Oaxaca, Mexico. <span style="font-style: italic;">Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21</span>(4), 427-434.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635649&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Avila-Cabadilla, L. D., Stoner, K. E., Henry, M., &amp; A&ntilde;orve, M. Y. A. (2009). Composition, structure and diversity of phyllostomid bat assemblages in different successional stages of a tropical dry forest. <span  style="font-style: italic;">Forest Ecology and Management, 258</span>(6), 986-996.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635650&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">B&eacute;lisle, M. (2005). Measuring landscape connectivity: the challenge of behavioral landscape ecology. <span style="font-style: italic;">Ecology, 86</span>(8), 1988-1995.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635651&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800010&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bernard, E. (2001). Vertical stratification of bat communities in primary forests of Central Amazon, Brazil. <span style="font-style: italic;">Journal of Tropical Ecology, 17</span>(1), 115-126.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635652&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800011&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Bernard, E., &amp; Fenton, M. B. (2002). Species diversity of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in forest fragments, primary forests, and savannas in central Amazonia, Brazil. <span style="font-style: italic;">Canadian Journal of Zoology, 80</span>(6), 1124-1140.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635653&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Brose, U., &amp; Mart&iacute;nez, N. D. (2004). Estimating the rich-ness of species with variable mobility. <span style="font-style: italic;">Oikos, 105</span>(2): 292-300.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635654&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Castro-Luna, A. A., Sosa, V. J., &amp; Castillo-Campos, G. (2007). Bat diversity and abundance associated with the degree of secondary succession in a tropical forest mosaic in south-eastern Mexico. <span style="font-style: italic;">Animal Conservation, 10</span>(2), 219-228.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635655&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Ceballos, G., Rodr&iacute;guez, P., &amp; Medell&iacute;n, R. (1998). Assessing conservation priorities in megadiverse Mexico: mammalian diversity, endemicity, and endangerment. <span style="font-style: italic;">Ecological Applications, 8</span>(1), 8-17.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635656&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Charles-Dominique, P. (1986). Inter-relations between frugivorous vertebrates and pioneer plants: Cecropia, birds and bats in French Guyana. In A. Estrada &amp; T. H. Fleming (Eds.), <span style="font-style: italic;">Frugivores and seed dispersal</span> (pp. 119-135). Holanda: Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635657&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chaverri, G., Quir&oacute;s, O. E., &amp; Kunz, T. H. (2007). Ecological correlates of range size in the tent-making bat Artibeus watsoni. <span style="font-style: italic;">Journal of mammalogy, 88</span>(2), 477-486.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635658&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Chevan, A., &amp; Sutherland, M. (1991). Hierarchical Partitioning. <span style="font-style: italic;">American Statistician, 45</span>(2), 90-96.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635659&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Clarke, F. M., Pio, D. V., &amp; Racey, P. A. (2005). A Comparison of Logging Systems and Bat Diversity in the Neotropics. <span style="font-style: italic;">Conservation Biology, 19</span>(4), 1194-1204.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635660&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Clarke, F. M., Rostant, L. V., &amp; Racey, P. A. (2005). Life after logging: post-logging recovery of a neotropical bat community. <span style="font-style: italic;">Journal of Applied Ecology, 42</span>(2), 409-420.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635661&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800020&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Colwell, R. K. (2011). EstimateS, Version 8.2: Statistical Estimation of Species Richness and Shared Species from Samples (Software and User&#8217;s Guide).    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635662&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800021&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Cosson, J. -F., Pons, J. -M., &amp; Masson, D. (1999). Effects of forest fragmentation on frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in French Guiana. <span style="font-style: italic;">Journal of Tropical Ecology, 15</span>(4), 515-534.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1635663&pid=S0034-7744201400020001800022&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></span></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Da Silva, A. G., Gaona, O., &amp; Medell&iacute;n, R. (2008). 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Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Santa Cruz Xoxocotl&aacute;n C.P. 71230. Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico; jgarciag0800@ipn.mx</span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Antonio Santos-Moreno:</span></font><font size="2"><span  style="font-family: verdana;"> Laboratorio de Ecolog&iacute;a Animal, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci&oacute;n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional. Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Santa Cruz Xoxocotl&aacute;n C.P. 71230. Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico; asantom90@hotmail.com</span></font>    <br> <font size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;"><a name="1"></a><a  href="#2">1</a>. Laboratorio de Ecolog&iacute;a Animal, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci&oacute;n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, Instituto Polit&eacute;cnico Nacional. Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Santa Cruz Xoxocotl&aacute;n C.P. 71230. Oaxaca, M&eacute;xico; jgarciag0800@ipn.mx, asantom90@hotmail.com</span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-weight: bold;"  size="2"><span style="font-family: verdana;">Recibido 19-II-2013.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Corregido 06-IX-2013.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Aceptado 10-X-2013. </span></font>    <br> </div> </div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ ]]></body><back>
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