The Brazilian Atlantic Forest presents high levels of richness and endemism of several taxonomic groups. Within this forest, the Orchidaceae may be highlighted as the richest family of Angiosperms found there, and is highly threatened due to collection and habitat destruction. The inselbergs of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are mostly unknown regarding their floristic composition, but the available information points to occurrence of ]]>
Brasiliorchis picta, Brassavola tuberculata, Campylocentrum robustum; C. sellowii, Catasetum luridum, Cattleya guttata, Cyclopogon congestus, Cyrtopodium glutiniferum, Leptotes bicolor, Lophiaris pumila, Miltonia moreliana, Oeceoclades maculata, Phymatochilum brasiliense, Prescottia plantaginifolia , Pseudolaelia vellozicola, Sarcoglottis fasciculata, Sophronitis cernua. and Vanilla chamissonis. The highest floristic similarity was with the Pedra ]]>
Key words: biogeography, floristic similarity, Maciço do Itaoca, Rio de Janeiro State, rocky ]]>
Resumen
La Mata Atlántica brasileña presenta altos niveles de riqueza y endemismo de varios grupos taxonómicos. Los inselbergs de la Mata ]]>
Palabras clave: biogeografía, similitud florística, Maciço do Itaoca, Estado de Río de Janeiro, afloramiento rocoso.
The high levels of richness and endemism of all organisms occurring in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, along with devastation and pressure that it has suffered for over 500 ]]>
Although forest ]]>
Among the studies on the flora of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest inselbergs, those done by Porembski, Martinelli, Ohlemüller and Barthlott (1998) and Meirelles, Pivello & Joly (1999) can be highlighted, along with some other regional floristic and ecological surveys (Caiafa & Silva, 2005; Oliveira & Godoy, 2007; Pifano et al., 2007; Barros, 2008; Esgario, Fontana & Silva, 2009). Some studies also conducted in inselbergs of ]]>
Brazil stands out for its richness in Orchidaceae with over 2 430 recorded species (Barros, Vinhos, ]]>
In the few studies ]]>
Material and Methods
Study area: The Maciço do Itaoca is an inselberg located in the district of Ibi-tioca (21º48’ S - 41º26’ W), near the highway BR-101, about 20km from the center of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes in the Northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. It is approximately 300ha in size, with altitudinal range between 8 and 420m.a.s.l. It consists of two interconnected areas known locally as Morro do Rato, covered mainly by fragments of semideciduous seasonal forest and Morro do Macaco, with bare rock outcrops and patches of rupicolous vegetation harboring ]]>
Currently, the Maciço do Itaoca is a com-mon tourist destination, especially for extreme sports such as mountain biking and hang gliding. Due to its easy access, uncontrolled visitation endangers species of ornamental interest due to the pressure of collecting plants, especially Bromeliaceae, ]]>
Field work and laboratory: The floristic survey was carried out using the free walking survey ]]>
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Information on the geographical distribution for each species found was obtained from the data base of the list of flora of Brazil (available in http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012).
Similarity analysis: The matrix for ]]>
Table 1).
Only taxa identified to the species level were used in these analyses and those identified with “cf.” or “aff.” were discarded. We calculated the similarity using the Sorensen index and the UPGMA clustering algorithm. The cophenetic correlation was calculated in order to test the fit between the matrices and the resulting dendrograms. A Principal Coordi-nate Analysis (PCoA) using ]]>
Results
On the Maciço ]]>
Table 2).
Among the species recorded on the Maciço do Itaoca, 11 (61%) occur only on the Morro do Rato, ]]>
Table 2). ]]>
The dendrogram obtained in the similarity analysis (Fig. 1) showed the formation of two large groups. Group 1 was divided into two subgroups: the first (A) consisted of four inselbergs, two in Minas Gerais, one in Espírito Santo and one in São Paulo, and the second (B) was formed by all the 11 areas with different types of vegetation of the Atlantic Domain in the four states of the Southeastern region of Brazil. Group 2 was also composed ]]>
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The eigenvalues and the percentage of variance explained for the first three ordination axes obtained by PCoA were 1.80, and 18%, 1.17 (12%) and 0.79 (8%), respectively. This ordination segregated distinct clusters of sites (Fig. 2) that were coincident with the main groups found by the cluster analysis, with a clear distinction between inselbergs and non inselbergs sites. The Maciço do Itaoca, as found in the dendrogram (Fig. 1) formed a ]]>
Seven of the species recorded in this study did not appear in any of the other 13 inselberg areas used in the comparative analysis: Brasiliorchis picta, Campylocentrum sellowii, Cyclopogon congestus, Leptotes bicolor, Miltonia moreliana, ]]>
and Pseudolaelia vellozicola. When compared to inselbergs in the state of Rio de Janeiro, this number rises to eight, with the inclusion of Vanilla chamissonis.
On the other hand, four species occurring on the Maciço do Itaoca were found on at least six other inselbergs in the Eastern region of Brazil, among the 13 used in ]]>
Brassavola tuberculata was the most often cited species, recorded at eight sites, while Oeceoclades maculata and Prescottia plantaginifolia were each reported at seven locations and Cyrtopodium glutiniferum was cited at six locations. When the Maciço do Itaoca was compared with other areas of the state of Rio de Janeiro, B. tuberculata ]]>
P. plantaginifolia were cited for all five inselbergs while C. glutiniferum, O. maculata and Sophronitis cernua were recorded at four.
The comparison of the Orchidaceae ]]>
Phymatochilum brasiliense and Pseudolaelia vellozicola were not mentioned at any other location.
Discussion
The species richness of Orchidaceae recorded on the Maciço do Itaoca can be considered intermediate when compared with inselbergs of Eastern Brazil, with slightly fewer species than other inselbergs in the state of Rio de Janeiro: for example, PNMP (Cunha & Forzza, 2007), PEST (Barros, 2008) and PGav (Saddi, 2008). However, it was richer than inselbergs in other states in the Southeast region such as in Minas Gerais (Caiafa & Silva, ]]>
Due to environmental ]]>
Brassavola tuberculata and Pseudolaelia vellozicola were observed as epiphytes on Vellozia ]]>
Mart. (Velloziaceae) on the rocky outcrop. Similarly, in the study of Cunha & Forzza (2007) conducted in an environmental mosaic of interspersed forest fragments and inselbergs, epiphytic species were also more numerous than rupicolous. On the other hand, Werneck & Espírito Santo (2002) found low diversity of epiphytes in a study of vascular epiphytic flora on Vellozia piresiana L.B.Sm., in campo rupestre vegetation in Minas Gerais State (which presents environmental features similar to inselbergs), due to the low number of available phorophytes ]]>
Only 30% of the species of Orchidaceae on the Maçico do Itaoca were found on the Morro do Rato and Morro do Macaco, although with different frequencies. This result is especially interesting due to the fact that the two areas ]]>
In terms of habitat ]]>
Pseudolaelia vellozicola that is found only on rock outcrops as an epiphyte on Vellozia plicata on the Maciço do Itaoca and does not occur on any nearby shrub or tree, though these species also serve as phorophytes for other Orchidaceae. This pattern can be observed in most species of Pseudolaelia (Menini Neto, 2011) and a similar specificity has been ]]>
Zygopetalum maxillare Lodd., whose individuals occur almost exclusively as epiphytes on stems of tree ferns especially of the genera Alsophila and Cyathea (Cyatheaceae), and Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) (Hoehne, 1949).
The species ]]>
Oeceoclades maculata can be found in Central America and Africa as well, Leptotes bicolor and Lophiaris pumila). The other species can be found also in other phyto-geographic domains such as the Caatinga and Cerrado (Barros et al., 2009; 2010; 2012). ]]>
The clear formation of two distinct groups by both cluster and PCoA analyses suggests strong divergence in floristic composition among the Orchidaceae on inselbergs from Eastern Brazil. Most of the inselbergs analyzed appeared in group 2, consisting of two subgroups C (consisting of all locations of Rio de Janeiro and only one in Espírito Santo) and D (inselbergs found in the Northeastern Brazil). This differentiation between inselbergs in the Southeast and Northeast regions of Brazil suggests the influence of ]]>
The position of the ]]>
The separation of groups by distance from the coast and altitude can also be observed in the formation of subgroup A, in which other Southeastern inselbergs appear grouped together compared to inselbergs in subgroup C. All four areas ]]>
The influence of different ]]>
The results of this study confirm the peculiar environmental and floristic composition of inselbergs and that these sites are largely independent of the matrix of surrounding vegetation, since they represent isolated islands with distinct microclimate and vegetation strongly adapted to the seasonal drought that is typical of these rocky outcrops (Barthlott et al., 1993; ]]>
The composition and reduced similarity of the flora of inselbergs, independent of surrounding ]]>
Although none of the Orchidaceae found on the Maciço do Itaoca are cited in the list of endangered species in Brazil (Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2008), the occurrence of some species of ornamental interest should be high-lighted especially due to collection pressure by visitors, due to ]]>
Cattleya guttata, Miltonia moreliana and Phymatochilum brasiliense, all endemic to the Atlantic Domain in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of establishing protected areas in this region. Phymatochilum brasiliense, despite its relatively wide distribution, from Pernambuco to São Paulo, is apparently a very rare species with few records in herbarium collections. ]]>
Pseudolaelia vellozicola is another species worth mentioning. Although it does not suffer collection pressure and is the species in the genus with the widest geographical distribution, there are only two records from the State of Rio de Janeiro, being more frequent on the coast and in the highlands of the state of Espírito Santo. The population of the Maciço do Itaoca along with another recorded in Casimiro de Abreu, also in the ]]>
Collection pressure is generally responsible for the destruction of the vegetation on inselbergs because the target species are restricted to some families of more ornamental interest, such as Bromeliaceae, Gesneriaceae, and Orchidaceae. However, quarrying is one of the most damaging activities to the inselbergs because it puts at risk not only the species, but the very environment in which they occur (Porembski, 2007). This threat is also present in ]]>
Although the natural occurrence of fire due to lightning is occasional on inselbergs, fires caused by anthropogenic activities have been largely responsible for the degradation of the vegetation in these environments both in Brazil and in inselbergs around the world (Meirelles et al., 1999; Burke, 2003). ]]>
Also, the conservation of orchid species in the Maciço do Itaoca is important because the flowers are generally pollinated by euglossine bees (Apidae, Euglossina) and this area is considered to be a regional refuge to these pollinator insects (Aguiar & Gaglianone, 2011).
]]>
Dan et al. (2009) indicated the species of the flora that are endemic and/or rare in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and that have been recorded from the Maciço do Itaoca. These include Begonia ibitiocensis E. L. Jacques & Mamede (Begoniaceae), Cryptanthus delicatus Leme (Bromeliaceae), Sinningia pusilla (Mart.) Baill., Sinningia sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae). A proposed ]]>
Acknowledgments
We thank Diana Hay for the English ver-sion of the manuscript, John Hay and Toby Pennington for comments on the manuscript and Gabriel Bernadello for the Spanish abstract. Rafaela Forzza and Marcelo Nas-cimento received grants from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for research productivity and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de ]]>
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*Correspondencia: Alexandre Soares Pessanha: Herbário do Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Pq. Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil; orquidealex@yahoo.com.br Luiz Menini Neto: Centro de Ensino Superior de Juiz de Fora, Campus Arnaldo Janssen, Luz Interior 345, Santa Luzia, 36030-776, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil, menini.neto@gmail.com Rafaela Campostrini Forzza: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, Jardim Botânico, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil; rafaela@jbrj.gov.br Marcelo Trindade Nascimento: Alexandre Soares Pessanha: Herbário do Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Pq. Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil; mtn@uenf.br 1. Herbário do Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Pq. Califórnia, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil; orquidealex@yahoo.com.br, mtn@uenf.br 2. Centro de Ensino Superior de Juiz de Fora, Campus Arnaldo Janssen, Luz Interior 345, Santa Luzia, 36030-776, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil; menini.neto@gmail.com 3. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Martelos, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. 4. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Pacheco Leão 915, Jardim Botânico, 22460-030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil; rafaela@jbrj.gov.br
Received 22-vii-2013. Corrected 14-i-2014. Accepted 30-i-2014.
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