<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77442013000400007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Esporogénesis y esporas de Equisetum bogotense (Equisetaceae) de las áreas montañosas de Colombia]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Sporogenesis and spores of Equisetum bogotense (Equisetaceae) from mountain areas of Colombia]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rincón-Baron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Edgar Javier]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Torres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gerardo Andrés]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rolleri]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Cristina Hilda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Antioquia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Medellín]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad del Cauca  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Popayán]]></addr-line>
<country>Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad Nacional de La Plata  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ Buenos Aires]]></addr-line>
<country>Argentina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>61</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>1067</fpage>
<lpage>1081</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77442013000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77442013000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77442013000400007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Studies on some reproductive traits in Equisetum species are scarce and valuable to understand species distribution. Therefore, a detailed study of the sporogenesis process and spore development in E. bogotense is presented, with an analysis of the main events during meiosis, maturation of spores, spore wall ultrastructure, orbicules and elaters. Specimens were collected from 500 to 4 500m in Cauca, Colombia. Strobili at different maturation stages were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in resin, and ultra-microtome obtained sections were stained with Toluidine blue. Observations were made with optical microscopy with differential interference contrast illumination technique (DIC), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). Ultrathin sections (70-80&#956;m) for TEM observations were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate; while samples for SEM observations, were fixed, dehydrated in 2.2-dimethoxypropane and dried at critical point as in standard methods. Strobili have numerous mature sporangiophores, each one with a peltate structure, the scutellum, bearing five-six sessile sporangia attached to the axis of strobilus by the manubrium. Immature sporocytes (spore mother cells) are tightly packed within the young sporangia. The sporocytes quickly undergo meiosis, by passing the stage of archesporium and give origin to tetrads of spores. The tapetum loses histological integrity during early stages of sporogenesis, intrudes as a plasmodial mass into the cavity of the sporangium, partially surrounding premeiotic sporocytes, and then, tetrads and adult spores. The tapetum disintegrates towards the end of the sporogenesis, leaving spores free within the sporangial cavity. Spores present several cytological changes that allow them to achieve greater size and increase the number of plastids, before reaching the adult stage. Sporoderm includes three layers external to the cytoplasmic membrane of the spore cell, and they are pseudoendospore, exospore and perispore. Viewed with SEM, the exospore is smooth to rugulate, with micro perforations, while the perispore is muriform, rugate, with narrow, delicate, discontinuous, randomly distributed folds delimiting incomplete, irregular areolae, externally covered by of different size, densely distributed orbicules. These orbicules are also found all over the external face and margins of the elaters, while the internal face is smooth and lack orbicules. Viewed with TEM, the exospore is a thick layer of fine granular material, while perispore is a thinner layer of dense, separate orbicules. The elaters are composed by two layers of fibrillar material: an inner layer with longitudinally oriented fibrils and an outer, thicker and less dense layer with fibrils transversely fibrils and abundant, external orbicules. It is suggested that the processes of ontogeny and characters of the sporoderm are relatively constant in Equisetum; however, sporogenesis in E. bogotense is synchronous and this condition has been observed so far only in E. giganteum, a tropical genus also found in Colombia.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Los estudios sobre aspectos reproductivos son escasos en Equisetum. Por eso, hemos realizado un análisis detallado del proceso de esporogénesis, desarrollo de las esporas, ultraestructura de procesos que tienen lugar durante la meiosis, formación de la pared esporal, orbículas y eláteres de E. bogotense, en especímenes procedentes del Cauca, Colombia. Los estudios se efectuaron mediante microscopía fotónica, electrónica de transmisión (TEM) y de barrido (SEM). Los estróbilos llevan numerosos esporangióforos maduros, cada uno con un escutelo peltado, unido al eje del estróbilo por el manubrio y portador de 5-6 esporangios sésiles. Los esporocitos experimentan meiosis dando origen a tétradas de esporas. El tapete pierde la integridad histológica en las primeras etapas de esporogénesis y rodea los esporocitos premeióticos, posteriormente a las tétradas y finalmente las esporas inmaduras, que experimentan cambios citológicos y de tamaño antes de alcanzar la etapa adulta. El esporodermo de las esporas adultas de E. bogotense consiste de seudoendosporio, exosporio y perisporio. Vistos con MEB, el exosporio de las esporas adultas es liso a rugulado con microperforaciones y el perisporio es muriforme, rugado, con pliegues delicados, estrechos, discontinuos, que se distribuyen al azar y delimitan aréolas incompletas. Externamente el perisporio está cubierto por orbículas, que se forman también en la cara externa y los márgenes de los eláteres. Vistos con TEM, el exosporio es una capa de material granular fino y el perisporio, una capa mucho más delgada con orbículas discretas. Los eláteres están formados por dos capas de naturaleza fibrilar, orientadas longitudinalmente y transversalmente. La esporogénesis en E. bogotense es sincrónica, similar a la de E. giganteum, otra especie de distribución tropical que también crece en Colombia.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[exospore]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orbicules]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[perispore]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spores]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sporoderm ultrastructure]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[sporogenesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[esporogénesis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[esporas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[exosporio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[orbículas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[perisporio]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[ultraestructura del esporodermo]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div style="text-align: justify;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font  style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="4">Esporog&eacute;nesis y esporas de </font><font  style="font-family: verdana; font-style: italic;" size="4">Equisetum bogotense</font><font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;"  size="4"> (Equisetaceae) de las &aacute;reas monta&ntilde;osas de Colombia    <br> </font><font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="4">    <br> Sporogenesis and spores of </font><font  style="font-family: verdana; font-style: italic;" size="4">Equisetum bogotense</font><font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;"  size="4"> (Equisetaceae) from mountain areas of Colombia</font><font  style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><span  style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font style="font-family: verdana;"  size="2">Edgar Javier Rinc&oacute;n-Baron<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a name="4"></a>*</sup>, Gerardo Andr&eacute;s Torres<sup><a href="#2">2</a><a name="5"></a>*</sup> &amp; Cristina Hilda Rolleri<sup><a href="#3">3</a><a name="6"></a>*</sup></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="-1">    <br>     <a name="Correspondencia2"></a>*<a href="#Correspondencia1">Direcci&oacute;n     para correspondencia:</a></font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font      style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Abstract</font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><span      style="font-weight: bold;"></span>Studies on some reproductive traits     in     <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> species are scarce     and valuable to understand species     distribution. Therefore, a detailed study of the sporogenesis process     and spore development in <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[is presented, with an analysis of     the main events during meiosis, maturation of spores, spore wall     ultrastructure, orbicules and elaters. Specimens were collected from     500 to 4 500m in Cauca, Colombia. Strobili at different maturation     stages were fixed, dehydrated, embedded in resin, and ultra-microtome     obtained sections were stained with Toluidine blue. Observations were     made with optical microscopy with differential interference contrast     illumination technique (DIC), transmission and scanning electron     microscopy (TEM and SEM). Ultrathin sections (70-80&#956;m) for TEM     observations were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate; while     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[samples for SEM observations, were fixed, dehydrated in     2.2-dimethoxypropane and dried at critical point as in standard     methods. Strobili have numerous mature sporangiophores, each one with a     peltate structure, the scutellum, bearing five-six sessile sporangia     attached to the axis of strobilus by the manubrium. Immature sporocytes     (spore mother cells) are tightly packed within the young sporangia. The     sporocytes quickly undergo meiosis, by passing the stage of     archesporium and give origin to tetrads of spores. The tapetum loses     histological integrity during early stages of sporogenesis, intrudes as     a plasmodial mass into the cavity of the sporangium, partially     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[surrounding premeiotic sporocytes, and then, tetrads and adult spores.     The tapetum disintegrates towards the end of the sporogenesis, leaving     spores free within the sporangial cavity. Spores present several     cytological changes that allow them to achieve greater size and     increase the number of plastids, before reaching the adult stage.     Sporoderm includes three layers external to the cytoplasmic membrane of     the spore cell, and they are pseudoendospore, exospore and perispore.     Viewed with SEM, the exospore is smooth to rugulate, with micro     perforations, while the perispore is muriform, rugate, with narrow,     delicate, discontinuous, randomly distributed folds delimiting     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[incomplete, irregular areolae, externally covered by of different size,     densely distributed orbicules. These orbicules are also found all over     the external face and margins of the elaters, while the internal face     is smooth and lack orbicules. Viewed with TEM, the exospore is a thick     layer of fine granular material, while perispore is a thinner layer of     dense, separate orbicules. The elaters are composed by two layers of     fibrillar material: an inner layer with longitudinally oriented fibrils     and an outer, thicker and less dense layer with fibrils transversely     fibrils and abundant, external orbicules. It is suggested that the     processes of ontogeny and characters of the sporoderm are relatively     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[constant in <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>;     however, sporogenesis in <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>     is     synchronous and this condition has been observed so far only in <span      style="font-style: italic;">E.     giganteum</span>, a tropical genus also found in Colombia. </font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-weight: bold;">Key words:</span> exospore, orbicules,     perispore, spores, sporoderm     ultrastructure, sporogenesis.</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Resumen</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los estudios sobre     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[aspectos reproductivos son escasos en <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>.     Por     eso, hemos realizado un an&aacute;lisis detallado del proceso de     esporog&eacute;nesis, desarrollo de las esporas, ultraestructura de     procesos que tienen lugar durante la meiosis, formaci&oacute;n de la     pared esporal, orb&iacute;culas y el&aacute;teres de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>, en     espec&iacute;menes procedentes del Cauca, Colombia. Los estudios se     efectuaron mediante microscop&iacute;a fot&oacute;nica,     electr&oacute;nica de transmisi&oacute;n (TEM) y de barrido (SEM). Los     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[estr&oacute;bilos llevan numerosos esporangi&oacute;foros maduros, cada     uno con un escutelo peltado, unido al eje del estr&oacute;bilo por el     manubrio y portador de 5-6 esporangios s&eacute;siles. Los esporocitos     experimentan meiosis dando origen a t&eacute;tradas de esporas. El     tapete pierde la integridad histol&oacute;gica en las primeras etapas     de esporog&eacute;nesis y rodea los esporocitos premei&oacute;ticos,     posteriormente a las t&eacute;tradas y finalmente las esporas     inmaduras, que experimentan&nbsp; cambios citol&oacute;gicos y de     tama&ntilde;o antes de alcanzar la etapa adulta. El esporodermo de las     esporas adultas de <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[consiste de seudoendosporio, exosporio     y perisporio. Vistos con MEB, el exosporio de las esporas adultas es     liso a rugulado con microperforaciones y el perisporio es muriforme,     rugado, con pliegues delicados, estrechos, discontinuos, que se     distribuyen al azar y delimitan ar&eacute;olas incompletas.     Externamente el perisporio est&aacute; cubierto por orb&iacute;culas,     que se forman tambi&eacute;n en la cara externa y los m&aacute;rgenes     de los el&aacute;teres. Vistos con TEM, el exosporio es una capa de     material granular fino y el perisporio, una capa mucho m&aacute;s     delgada con orb&iacute;culas discretas. Los el&aacute;teres     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[est&aacute;n formados por dos capas de naturaleza fibrilar, orientadas     longitudinalmente y transversalmente. La esporog&eacute;nesis en <span      style="font-style: italic;">E.     bogotense</span> es sincr&oacute;nica, similar a la de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span>, otra     especie de distribuci&oacute;n tropical que tambi&eacute;n crece en     Colombia. </font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-weight: bold;">Palabras clave: </span>esporog&eacute;nesis,     esporas, exosporio,     orb&iacute;culas, perisporio, ultraestructura del esporodermo.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font      style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">En las regiones     monta&ntilde;osas de Colombia se encuentran tres     especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> L.: <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> Kunth., <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span> L. y <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">E.     myriochaetum</span> Schltdl. &amp; Cham. (Triana-Moreno &amp; Murillo     2005,     Murillo <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2008), citadas     tambi&eacute;n para Centroam&eacute;rica     y Sudam&eacute;rica (Moran 1995). <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     bogotense</span> crece en toda     Am&eacute;rica tropical, desde Costa Rica hasta la Argentina (Tryon     &amp; Tryon 1982); es una planta palustre, de ambientes l&oacute;ticos,     l&eacute;nticos y humedales que crece en zonas despejadas o protegidas,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[orillas de quebradas y bordes de barrancos sombr&iacute;os y     h&uacute;medos. Las tres especies viven en alturas similares en     Colombia desde los 500 hasta los 4 500m (Murillo &amp; Harker 1990),     aunque <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> es     m&aacute;s com&uacute;n en las zonas de mayor     altitud (Triana-Moreno &amp; Murillo 2005, Murillo <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2008).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: justify;"><font style="font-family: verdana;"  size="2"></font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los trabajos en el g&eacute;nero <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> son abundantes y diversos. Pryer <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (1995), Pryer <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2001), Des Marais <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2003), Guillon (2004, 2007), Carlquist &amp; Schneider (2011), Kaufman <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (1973), Chen &amp; Lewin (1969), Ernst (1990), Epstein (1999), Holzhuter <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2003), Currie &amp; Perry (2007, 2009) y Law &amp; Exley (2011), entre otros, han analizado aspectos taxon&oacute;micos, sistem&aacute;ticos, evolutivos y estructurales, adem&aacute;s de la capacidad de <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> de biomineralizar s&iacute;lice y acumularla en diversas partes del cuerpo vegetal.</font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los estudios de aspectos reproductivos son m&aacute;s escasos y se relacionan con el desarrollo de los esporangios y la esporog&eacute;nesis (Hawkins 1907), el proceso de maduraci&oacute;n de las esporas, el patr&oacute;n de dep&oacute;sito de las capas del esporodermo y la presencia de clorofila en las esporas (Beer 1909), la morfolog&iacute;a y evoluci&oacute;n de esporangi&oacute;foros y ejes en relaci&oacute;n con el origen y disposici&oacute;n de estas estructuras (Page 1972), aspectos ultraestructurales de la germinaci&oacute;n de las esporas (Gullv&#507;g 1968, Olsen &amp; Gullv&#507;g 1973), caracteres de forma, tama&ntilde;o y color de las esporas en relaci&oacute;n con su viabilidad en especies e h&iacute;bridos (Duckett 1970), distribuci&oacute;n de los org&aacute;nulos, en especial plastidios y mitocondrias, durante la meiosis (Bednara &amp; Rodkiewicz 1985, Bednara <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1986), maduraci&oacute;n de los esporangios, aspectos&nbsp; ultraestructurales de la esporog&eacute;nesis y morfog&eacute;nesis de la pared de las esporas y los el&aacute;teres (Uehara &amp; Kurita 1989), ultraestructura de los el&aacute;teres y la pared de las esporas (Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991), as&iacute; como la disposici&oacute;n de los microt&uacute;bulos del tapete durante la esporog&eacute;nesis y formaci&oacute;n de c&aacute;maras plasmodiales alrededor de las t&eacute;tradas y esporas (Uehara &amp; Murakami 1995). Finalmente, Roshchina <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2004), evaluaron la utilidad de la t&eacute;cnica de microscop&iacute;a confocal en el estudio de la fisiolog&iacute;a de las esporas y Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2011) investigaron la ontogenia de estr&oacute;bilos y esporangios y la esporog&eacute;nesis de <span  style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span>.     <br>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     Las orb&iacute;culas fueron descubiertas por </font><font      style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Rosanoff (1865) en polen de     Leguminosas mimosoideas. Von Ubisch (1927)     las describi&oacute; en c&eacute;lulas del tapete de especies de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Oxalis</span>     L. (Oxalidaceae) y fue el primero en se&ntilde;alar semejanzas en la     naturaleza de esos corp&uacute;sculos con la exina de los granos de     polen. Rowley (1962) introdujo el t&eacute;rmino corp&uacute;sculos de     Ubisch y se&ntilde;al&oacute; que su forma pod&iacute;a ser variable.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[El t&eacute;rmino orb&iacute;cula fue introducido por Erdtman <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (1961). Madjd &amp; Roland-Heydacker (1978) y Abadie &amp; Hideux     (1979) distinguieron entre corp&uacute;sculos de Ubisch (huecos) y     orb&iacute;culas (macizas pero deformables y generalmente     esf&eacute;ricas), aunque consideraron ambos tipos compuestos por     esporopolenina. Heslop-Harrison (1968, 1971) us&oacute; inicialmente el     t&eacute;rmino placas y posteriormente se inclin&oacute; por el de     orb&iacute;culas. Hesse (1986) les atribuy&oacute; un valor     diagn&oacute;stico similar al de la ornamentaci&oacute;n, sobre la base     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[del origen com&uacute;n del tapete y el tejido espor&oacute;geno. Los     estudios sobre el valor diagn&oacute;stico de las orb&iacute;culas en     taxones de angiospermas y gimnospermas son muy numerosos (El-Ghazaly     &amp; Chaudhary 1993, Huysmans <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     1998, Vinckier &amp; Smets 2002,     Ueno 1960a, 1960b, Yamazaki &amp; Takeoka 1962). Con menos referencias,     en bri&oacute;fitos fueron tratadas por Zajac (1995) y en helechos     principalmente por Lugardon (1981), Tryon &amp; Tryon (1982),     Passarelli (2007) y Passarelli <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2010). </font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Este trabajo es un aporte     al conocimiento de la esporog&eacute;nesis,     desarrollo de las esporas y aspectos de la ultraestructura de la pared     esporal, el&aacute;teres y orb&iacute;culas de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>. Se     presentan estudios detallados de ultraestructura de los principales     sucesos ocurridos durante la meiosis, maduraci&oacute;n de las esporas,     morfolog&iacute;a de la pared esporal y de los el&aacute;teres, y se     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[analiza el origen, caracter&iacute;sticas y naturaleza de las     orb&iacute;culas presentes en los el&aacute;teres y el perisporio.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Materiales     y M&eacute;todos</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">En los meses de julio y     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[agosto (&eacute;poca seca del a&ntilde;o) 2011     se recolectaron para su estudio 30 ejemplares de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> en el     municipio de Purac&eacute;- Coconuco, Cauca a 2&deg; 20&#8217;29&#8221; N - 76&deg;     29&#8217;45&#8221; W y 2 416m de altitud. El material de referencia se     deposit&oacute; en los Herbarios del Departamento de Biolog&iacute;a de     la Universidad del Valle (CUVC) y del Instituto de Biolog&iacute;a de     la Universidad de Antioquia (HUA) (002 Eb-Rinc&oacute;n). Los     estr&oacute;bilos del eje principal y las ramificaciones fueron     ordenados por etapas de maduraci&oacute;n; se establecieron     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[arbitrariamente siete etapas y de cada una se estudiaron </font><font      style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">diez estr&oacute;bilos y tres     esporangi&oacute;foros por cada     estr&oacute;bilo.</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Para las observaciones con     microscopio fot&oacute;nico y MET el     material se fij&oacute; en glutaraldeh&iacute;do al 2.5% en buffer     fosfato, pH 7.2 y 0.2M por 48h. Se lav&oacute; en el mismo buffer y se     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[fij&oacute; adicionalmente con tetr&oacute;xido de osmio al 2% por 4h a     6&deg;C en la oscuridad y con agitaci&oacute;n. Las muestras fijadas se     lavaron con agua destilada y se deshidrataron a 6&ordm;C durante una     hora en cada etapa de la serie de etanol y durante 12h en etanol 100%.     Se embebieron en etanol-resina LR White (London Resin&reg;,UK), a     6&ordm;C efectu&aacute;ndose varios cambios de resina pura durante seis     d&iacute;as y en constante agitaci&oacute;n (Chen &amp; Baldwin 2007).     La resina fue polimerizada a 60&deg;C por 24h. Se obtuvieron secciones     de 0.2-0.5&#956;m con cuchillas de vidrio en ultra micr&oacute;tomo     Leica&reg;, que se colorearon con azul de toluidina en b&oacute;rax al     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[1% por 30-60min. Las preparaciones se observaron con microscopio     fot&oacute;nico de alta resoluci&oacute;n Nikon&reg; 80i eclipse     equipado con contraste diferencial de interferencia (DIC). Las     fotograf&iacute;as se obtuvieron con una c&aacute;mara digital     Nikon&reg; DS- 2MV en la Unidad de Microscop&iacute;a     Electr&oacute;nica de la Universidad del Cauca. Se montaron     tambi&eacute;n esporangios frescos y sin te&ntilde;ir, en diferentes     etapas de maduraci&oacute;n de las esporas, para comparaciones     adicionales.</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Las secciones ultrafinas     de 70-80nm para MET, se obtuvieron con     cuchilla de diamante y se contrastaron con acetato de uranilo y citrato     de plomo durante 40min y 5min respectivamente; se observaron con un     microscopio JEOL JEM-1011 en el Laboratorio de Microscop&iacute;a     Electr&oacute;nica de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Palmira.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Para las observaciones con     MEB el material se fij&oacute; y     posteriormente deshidrat&oacute; en 2.2 dimetoxipropano seg&uacute;n     Halbritter (1998) y se efectu&oacute; el secado a punto cr&iacute;tico     con un desecador SAMDRI&reg;-795. Los esporangi&oacute;foros y las     esporas se colocaron sobre una cinta conductiva de carbono de doble     cara y fueron recubiertas con oro en una ionizadora DENTON VACUUM DESK     IV durante 5min. Se observaron con un microscopio JEOL JSM-6490LV de la     Escuela de Materiales de la Universidad del Valle (Cali).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los t&eacute;rminos     utilizados para las esporas est&aacute;n en     Lellinger (2002) y Punt <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2007). </font><font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">El     t&eacute;rmino banda de org&aacute;nulos se utiliza seg&uacute;n     Brown &amp; Lemmon (2001a), el de c&aacute;maras plasmodiales     seg&uacute;n Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     (2011) y orb&iacute;culas,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[seg&uacute;n Tryon &amp; Lugardon (1991) y Passarelli <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2010).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Resultados</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los estr&oacute;bilos     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[maduros del eje principal de <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     bogotense</span>     alcanzan una longitud de 1.2 (&plusmn;0.5)cm, y los de las ramas     laterales 0.5(&plusmn;0.3) cm. Presentan numerosos     esporangi&oacute;foros, constituidos por el escutelo, una estructura     peltada que lleva de cinco a seis esporangios s&eacute;siles y que     est&aacute; unida por el manubrio al eje del estr&oacute;bilo (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig. 1     A-B</a>).    <br>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br>     </font><font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">En el interior de     los     esporangios inmaduros se encuentran, densamente     dispuestas, las c&eacute;lulas madres de las esporas (esporocitos), que     se caracterizan por presentar un n&uacute;cleo central voluminoso, un     nucl&eacute;olo y cromosomas condensados (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig. 1 C</a>). El citoplasma     es     relativamente escaso y tiene aspecto granular por la existencia de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[abundantes plastidios, mitocondrias, cuerpos multivesiculares y un     profuso ret&iacute;culo endoplasm&aacute;tico; en las paredes de los     esporocitos se aprecian m&uacute;ltiples canales de     intercomunicaci&oacute;n de hasta 0.21&#956;m de ancho (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig. 1 D-E</a>).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">En esta etapa de     maduraci&oacute;n, la pared del esporangio est&aacute;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[constituida por tres capas: externa, media e interna. La externa,     uniestratificada, formar&aacute; la pared definitiva del esporangio,     integrada por c&eacute;lulas con n&uacute;cleo grande     eucrom&aacute;tico en posici&oacute;n parietal, rodeado por numerosas     vacuolas que ocupan la mayor parte del citoplasma, que incluye     abundantes plastidios, mitocondrias y un denso ret&iacute;culo     endoplasm&aacute;tico (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig.     1 F</a>). La interna, con hasta tres estratos     celulares, formar&aacute; el tapete, y sus c&eacute;lulas tienen     contornos rectangulares o cuadrangulares, n&uacute;cleo central grande,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[marcadamente eucrom&aacute;tico y citoplasma escaso de aspecto granular     con abundantes cuerpos multivesiculares, mitocondrias y plastidios     (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig. 1 F</a>). Una capa     media uniestratificada se sit&uacute;a entre las     dos descritas y est&aacute; integrada por c&eacute;lulas aplanadas, con     n&uacute;cleo de posici&oacute;n central, citoplasma escaso y vacuolas     grandes.</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">El citoplasma de las     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[c&eacute;lulas del tapete es considerablemente     m&aacute;s electrodenso en comparaci&oacute;n con los esporocitos (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig.     1 F</a>), es decir, aparecen oscuros cuando los atraviesan los haces de     electrones en el microscopio electr&oacute;nico de transmisi&oacute;n.     A medida que el esporangio madura el tapete pierde la integridad     histol&oacute;gica y forma un plasmodio que invade la cavidad del     esporangio entre los esporocitos, separ&aacute;ndolos (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig. 1 G</a>). La     invasi&oacute;n del tapete acelera el proceso de maduraci&oacute;n de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[los esporocitos, que aumentan de tama&ntilde;o y se tornan     esf&eacute;ricos (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig. 1 H</a>).     En esta etapa el tapete recubre toda la     cavidad esporangial rodeando por completo a los esporocitos en las     c&aacute;maras&nbsp; plasmodiales. La membrana nuclear de los     esporocitos en profase se desintegra por completo, los cromosomas se     hacen m&aacute;s evidentes, mientras que las mitocondrias y los     plastidios se disponen perif&eacute;ricamente rodeando la zona donde se     localizan los cromosomas (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i1.jpg">Fig.     1 H</a>). Esta disposici&oacute;n de los     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[org&aacute;nulos se mantiene hasta la metafase I, incluso es posible     observar paquetes de microt&uacute;bulos que participan en el proceso     de segregaci&oacute;n cromos&oacute;mica (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i2.jpg">Fig. 2 A</a>), pero una vez     que     los cromosomas inician la separaci&oacute;n, durante la anafase I, los     org&aacute;nulos se agrupan en la placa metaf&aacute;sica formando la     banda de org&aacute;nulos. Al final de la interfase la banda se     localiza entre los dos n&uacute;cleos hijos (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i2.jpg">Fig. 2 B</a>) y en ella se     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[observan dos zonas diferentes y bien delimitadas: la regi&oacute;n     pr&oacute;xima a los dos n&uacute;cleos celulares, con abundantes     plastidios, que con microscopio fot&oacute;nico se aprecian como     estructuras de formas esferoidales o elipsoidales, fuertemente     coloreadas, y la regi&oacute;n central de la banda, formada por     material granular fino que apenas se colorea y que corresponde     principalmente a las mitocondrias (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i2.jpg">Fig. 2 B</a>). Estas     caracter&iacute;sticas se aprecian tambi&eacute;n en las observaciones     con MET (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i2.jpg">Fig. 2 C</a>).</font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Durante la meiosis II, la     banda de org&aacute;nulos mantiene su     posici&oacute;n pero se torna m&aacute;s compacta y es dif&iacute;cil     determinar la posici&oacute;n relativa de los plastidios y las     mitocondrias (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i2.jpg">Figs. 2 D-F</a>).     A la disyunci&oacute;n de los cromosomas y     la formaci&oacute;n de los cuatro n&uacute;cleos hijos le sigue la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[disgregaci&oacute;n de los plastidios de la banda de org&aacute;nulos,     que se desplazan en direcci&oacute;n de los n&uacute;cleos de las     esporas (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i2.jpg">Fig. 2 G</a>). Las     mitocondrias, en cambio, mantienen la     posici&oacute;n, indicando los sitios de separaci&oacute;n de las     esporas. En estos sitios numerosas ves&iacute;culas con material poco     electrodenso se depositan en la parte media de este agregado     mitocondrial (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n2/a07i2.jpg">Fig. 2 H</a>)     y posteriormente se fusionan iniciando la     formaci&oacute;n de la placa celular (<a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig. 3 A</a>). Con la     agregaci&oacute;n y fusi&oacute;n constante de ves&iacute;culas, la     placa celular se desarrolla de manera simult&aacute;nea dividiendo a la     c&eacute;lula en cuatro esporas inmaduras que se disponen     tetra&eacute;dricamente al final de la meiosis II (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig. 3 B</a>). Las     t&eacute;tradas pasan por varias etapas de maduraci&oacute;n hasta la     formaci&oacute;n de las esporas adultas, que permanecen juntas en la     misma c&aacute;mara plasmodial pero se separan progresivamente hasta     quedar en c&aacute;maras plasmodiales individuales.</font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Las esporas inmaduras son     esf&eacute;ricas, con esporodermo poco     definido, n&uacute;cleo eucrom&aacute;tico en posici&oacute;n central,     uno o dos nucl&eacute;olos, citoplasma con ret&iacute;culo     endoplasm&aacute;tico denso, numerosos plastidios y mitocondrias (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig.     3 C</a>).</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">El tapete plasmodial     presenta abundante ret&iacute;culo     endoplasm&aacute;tico, numerosos plastidios y cuerpos multivesiculares,     que ocasionalmente se observan en las c&aacute;maras plasmodiales     (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Figs. 3 D</a>). En esta     etapa tambi&eacute;n termina de diferenciarse la     pared definitiva del esporangio formada ahora s&oacute;lo por dos     estratos celulares. El externo ser&aacute; la pared definitiva del     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[esporangio y est&aacute; constituido por c&eacute;lulas que presentan     engrosamientos en las paredes anticlinales, periclinales internas y     tambi&eacute;n con frecuencia en las externas. El estrato interno se     caracteriza por c&eacute;lulas con citoplasma escaso, n&uacute;cleos     elipsoidales elongados casi picn&oacute;ticos y grandes vacuolas (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig.     3 E</a>). Una vez que las esporas han madurado, el tapete plasmodial     degenera y las esporas quedan libres en la cavidad esporangial.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">En las observaciones de     esporangios frescos sin te&ntilde;ir con la     t&eacute;cnica de DIC se observa que las esporas pasan por varias     etapas de maduraci&oacute;n, con notable aumento de la     vacuolizaci&oacute;n a medida que crecen. Inicialmente el n&uacute;cleo     se encuentra en posici&oacute;n central y est&aacute; rodeado por     varias vacuolas (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig. 3 F</a>)     que posteriormente se fusionan formando una     sola vacuola central que ocupa la mayor parte del citoplasma y desplaza     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[al n&uacute;cleo a una posici&oacute;n parietal (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig. 3 G</a>). Hay escasos     plastidios alrededor del n&uacute;cleo, que migran hacia el centro de     la espora al finalizar el proceso de maduraci&oacute;n (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i3.jpg">Fig. 3 H</a>).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Las esporas ya     desarrolladas tienen un n&uacute;cleo en posici&oacute;n     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[central rodeado por numerosos cloroplastos y gr&aacute;nulos de     almid&oacute;n; son esf&eacute;ricas y el esporodermo consiste de dos     capas: exosporio y perisporio y adem&aacute;s presentan dos     el&aacute;teres espatulados (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig.     4 A-B</a>). Con la maduraci&oacute;n de     las esporas y degradaci&oacute;n del tapete plasmodial, la pared del     esporangio se abre permitiendo la liberaci&oacute;n de las esporas </font><font      style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">(<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 C</a>). </font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">El exosporio se forma por     el dep&oacute;sito de capas de esporopolenina     que determinan dos zonas homog&eacute;neas de material granular que se     diferencian en textura y contraste. El exosporio carece de     orb&iacute;culas y el seudoendosporio se localiza inmediatamente debajo     del exosporio, formando una capa irregular de material fibroso a     granular electrodenso, que se deposita al final de la maduraci&oacute;n     de la espora y limita internamente con la membrana celular. Aparecen     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[peque&ntilde;os dep&oacute;sitos de material granular fino     estrechamente asociado a la superficie externa del exosporio, con     caracter&iacute;sticas similares de textura y contraste y originan     protuberancias o microverrugas en la superficie de esta pared de&nbsp;     la espora (<a href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 D</a>).     El perisporio es delgado, de 0.15-0.16&#956;m y     est&aacute; constituido por una fina capa de esporopolenina     electrodensa que se localiza por encima del exosporio. Externamente     presenta abundantes orb&iacute;culas esf&eacute;ricas de     di&aacute;metro variable, entre 0.11 y 0.38&#956;m, constituidas por     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[material granular fino, que se organiza en dos zonas: una superficial     de poco contraste y una interna poco electrodensa (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 D</a>). En la     superficie externa, el perisporio est&aacute; ornamentado, es     muriforme, rugado, con pliegues finos y afilados, bajos, discontinuos,     que se distribuyen irregularmente delimitando ar&eacute;olas completas     o incompletas y con abundantes orb&iacute;culas (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n2/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 E</a>). En tanto     que el exosporio es de apariencia rugulado o verrucoso y con     microperforaciones superficiales (<a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 F</a>).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los el&aacute;teres,     vistos con MET, est&aacute;n constituidos por dos     capas de material fibrilar: una interna delgada, formada con fibrillas     orientadas paralelamente al eje mayor de la estructura y una externa     m&aacute;s gruesa y menos electrodensa de material fibrogranular y con     abundantes orb&iacute;culas sobre la cara externa (<a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 G</a>). Los     el&aacute;teres se unen a la espora, junto con el perisporio, en la     zona de la abertura esporal; una regi&oacute;n del exosporio de forma     biconvexa, localizada en el sitio de uni&oacute;n de las esporas en la     t&eacute;trada, es decir en la cara proximal de las esporas (<a      href="/img/revistas/rbt/v61n3/a07i4.jpg">Fig. 4 H</a>).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Discusi&oacute;n</font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">La esporog&eacute;nesis,     la morfolog&iacute;a de los esporocitos, el     proceso de formaci&oacute;n de la pared esporangial, el tapete, los     el&aacute;teres y el tipo de esporodermo adulto fueron analizados en     espec&iacute;menes de <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>     procedentes de las &aacute;reas     monta&ntilde;osas de Colombia. La esporog&eacute;nesis es     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[sincr&oacute;nica, una condici&oacute;n similar a la que presentan <span      style="font-style: italic;">E.     arvense</span> L. (Uehara &amp; Kurita 1989) y <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span> (Rinc&oacute;n <span      style="font-style: italic;">et     al.</span> 2011), mientras que para <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     fluviatile</span> L. se conoce     esporog&eacute;nesis asincr&oacute;nica (Lehmann <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1984).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <div style="text-align: justify;"><font style="font-family: verdana;"  size="2">La morfolog&iacute;a de los esporocitos, el proceso de formaci&oacute;n de la pared esporangial y el tapete de <span  style="font-style: italic;">E. fluviatile, E. arvense, E. giganteum</span> y <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> son similares (Lehmann <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1984, Uehara &amp; Kurita 1989, Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2011), lo que sugiere que los procesos ontogen&eacute;ticos que llevan a la formaci&oacute;n de la pared esporangial y disposici&oacute;n de los esporocitos premei&oacute;ticos en el esporangio son condiciones t&iacute;picas de <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> y no caracteres espec&iacute;ficos.</font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> </div> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Lehmann <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (1984) y Uehra &amp; Kurita (1989) caracterizaron los esporocitos de <span style="font-style: italic;">E. arvense </span>y<span  style="font-style: italic;"> E. fluviatile</span> y describieron una ultraestructura t&iacute;pica de c&eacute;lulas con alta actividad metab&oacute;lica, con presencia de un profuso ret&iacute;culo endoplasm&aacute;tico, gran cantidad de plastidios, mitocondrias, cuerpos multivesiculares y en la pared, m&uacute;ltiples canales de intercomunicaci&oacute;n de hasta 0.2&#956;m de di&aacute;metro, m&aacute;s amplios que t&iacute;picos plasmodesmos y sin desmot&uacute;bulos, tal como se ha visto aqu&iacute; para <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>, una condici&oacute;n que no ser&iacute;a exclusiva de las equiset&aacute;ceas ya que ha sido observada en c&eacute;lulas madres de los granos de polen de varios t&aacute;xones de angiospermas y gimnospermas en el momento de iniciarse la microsporog&eacute;nesis y que se relacionar&iacute;an con la sincronizaci&oacute;n del desarrollo o bien con fen&oacute;menos de citomixis (Heslop-Harrison 1966, Cresti <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1992, Bellucci <span  style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2003, Guzicka &amp; Wozny 2005, Ghaffari 2006, Mursalimov &amp; Deineko 2011).</font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">El tapete de <span  style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>, inicialmente celular y luego plasmodial, es similar al descrito para otras especies de <span  style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> (Uehara &amp; Kurita 1989, Lugardon 1990, Uehara &amp; Murakami 1995) y para otros t&aacute;xones de plantas (Pacini <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1985, Pacini 1997, Cresti <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1992, Furness &amp; Rudall 1998, 2001, Furness 2008). Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2011) se&ntilde;alaron que en <span style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span> el tapete plasmodial invade s&oacute;lo parcialmente la cavidad del esporangio cuando los esporocitos inician la meiosis I. En <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>, el tapete pierde su integridad histol&oacute;gica en una etapa m&aacute;s temprana del proceso de esporog&eacute;nesis e incluso es posible que la invasi&oacute;n del tapete estimule la maduraci&oacute;n y posterior divisi&oacute;n reduccional de los esporocitos. En la meiosis I los esporocitos de <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> est&aacute;n totalmente rodeados por el tapete plasmodial, encerrados en las c&aacute;maras plasmodiales individuales, de modo similar a lo descrito para<span  style="font-style: italic;"> E. arvense </span>(Uehara &amp; Kurita 1989) y <span style="font-style: italic;">E. flluviatile</span> (Lehmann <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1984), mientras que en <span style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span> el tapete invade totalmente la cavidad de los esporangios hasta la formaci&oacute;n y maduraci&oacute;n de las t&eacute;tradas (Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2011). Los movimientos del tapete y la formaci&oacute;n de las c&aacute;maras plasmodiales tambi&eacute;n son similares a lo descrito para <span style="font-style: italic;">Psilotum nudum</span> (L) P. Beav. (Psilotaceae) por Parkinson (1987). La posibilidad de que estas c&aacute;maras sean resultado del proceso de fijaci&oacute;n fue descartada tanto en <span style="font-style: italic;">E. giganteum</span> (Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2011) como en <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>. Se las considera estructuras fundamentales para el desarrollo de las t&eacute;tradas en maduraci&oacute;n y es posible que intervengan sustancias complejas como muc&iacute;lagos, que facilitar&iacute;an el paso de los cuerpos multivesiculares que se observan ocasionalmente durante la esporog&eacute;nesis de <span  style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>. Rinc&oacute;n <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2011) observaron que una vez que el tapete se desintegra s&oacute;lo permanece una capa de c&eacute;lulas de apariencia picn&oacute;tica, m&aacute;s o menos adherida a la pared del esporangio, condici&oacute;n que tambi&eacute;n se vio en <span  style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> aunque esa capa ya se observa antes de la degradaci&oacute;n completa del tapete. No existen referencias sobre esta capa &#8220;remanente&#8221; para otras especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>.     <br>     <br>     Los procesos relacionados con el     movimiento de los org&aacute;nulos, la formaci&oacute;n de la banda de     org&aacute;nulos y su posterior separaci&oacute;n entre las cuatro     esporas resultantes al final de la meiosis son caracter&iacute;sticas     de la meiosis esp&oacute;rica t&iacute;pica de las plantas y se han     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[registrado en musgos, helechos, algunas gimnospermas, como Ginkgo     biloba L. y angiospermas (Wolniak 1976, Marengo 1977, Sheffield &amp;     Bell 1979, Bell 1981, Brown &amp; Lemmon 1988, 1990,1991a-b, 2001a-b,     Tch&oacute;rzewska &amp; Bednara 2011). La banda de org&aacute;nulos es     variable en relaci&oacute;n con la forma y distribuci&oacute;n de sus     componentes. En especies monoplastidiales con polaridad plastidial,     est&aacute; constituida solamente por mitocondrias, peque&ntilde;as     vacuolas y ocasionalmente l&iacute;pidos, mientras que en especies     poliplastidiales incluye plastidios. Esta &uacute;ltima es la     condici&oacute;n observada en <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[</font><font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Esta banda de     org&aacute;nulos permitir&iacute;a el reparto equitativo     de estos elementos celulares entre las c&eacute;lulas     posmei&oacute;ticas y adem&aacute;s, dado que se presenta por lo     general en especies con esporog&eacute;nesis o microsporog&eacute;nesis     de tipo simult&aacute;neo, podr&iacute;a evitar interferencias entre     los husos mei&oacute;ticos durante la meiosis II (Bednara <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1986).     En plantas con esporog&eacute;nesis simult&aacute;nea hay     dep&oacute;sitos y agregados de ves&iacute;culas con material poco     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[electrodenso, en posiciones citoplasm&aacute;ticas determinadas por la     presencia de agregados mitocondriales y es en estos sitios donde se     formar&aacute;n las placas celulares antes de la separaci&oacute;n de     las cuatro esporas en disposici&oacute;n tetra&eacute;drica dentro de     la t&eacute;trada (Lehmann <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span>     1984, Bednara &amp; Rodkiewicz 1985,     Bednara <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 1986, Brown     &amp; Lemmon 1990, Brown &amp; Lemmon 1991b)     una condici&oacute;n que tambi&eacute;n ese observ&oacute; en <span      style="font-style: italic;">E.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[bogotense</span>. </font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">A diferencia de     lic&oacute;fitos y helechos, las c&eacute;lulas de la     pared del esporangio maduro de <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     bogotense</span> presentan diferentes grados     de engrosamiento en todas sus caras pero no diferenciales en forma de     &#8220;U&#8221;, por lo que es posible que la pared esporangial de <span      style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> no     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[contribuya para la dispersi&oacute;n de las esporas, sino que este     proceso est&eacute; basado en la presencia y eficiencia de los     el&aacute;teres (Pacini &amp; Franchi 1993, Rinc&oacute;n <span      style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> 2011).</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Marengo (1949), Marengo     &amp; Badalamente (1978) y Raghavan (1989)     describieron los cambios citoplasm&aacute;ticos durante la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[maduraci&oacute;n de las esporas del helecho Onoclea sensibilis L.     (Onocleaceae), se&ntilde;alando que las esporas inmaduras presentan un     n&uacute;cleo central rodeado por numerosas vacuolas que se fusionan y     gradualmente ocupan la mayor parte del volumen celular, relegando al     n&uacute;cleo y al citoplasma a una posici&oacute;n parietal, al mismo     tiempo que los plastidios provenientes de proplastidios aumentan en     n&uacute;mero y rodean totalmente al n&uacute;cleo. Ser&iacute;a     necesario ampliar estas observaciones para otras especies de equisetos     y helechos, ya que de generalizarse, podr&iacute;a considerarse como un     argumento m&aacute;s a favor de la afinidad de <span     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> con los grupos     megaf&iacute;licos.</font><br style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">No existe acuerdo en el     nombre que debe aplicarse a la delgada capa de     material fibrogranular que separa la membrana citoplasm&aacute;tica del     exosporio en las esporas maduras de <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>.     Uehara &amp; Kurita     (1989) la llaman intina en el caso de <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[arvense</span>; Kedves &amp;&nbsp;     P&aacute;rdutz (1998) generalizan el t&eacute;rmino endosporio,     mientras que Lugardon (1990) y Tryon &amp;Lugardon (1991) utilizan     seudoendosporio para diferenciarla del endosporio propiamente dicho     que, en <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> se     formar&iacute;a cuando la espora inicia la     germinaci&oacute;n (Gullv&#507;g 1968, Lugardon 1990, Tryon &amp; Lugardon     1991).&nbsp; Aqu&iacute; se designa esta capa como seudoendosporio,     debido a que se forma al final de la esporog&eacute;nesis y no durante     la germinaci&oacute;n de las esporas, como el endosporio. As&iacute;,     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[se concluye que el esporodermo de las esporas de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> consiste     de seudoendosporio, exosporio y perisporio.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">El exosporio adulto     est&aacute; constituido por dos capas de similar     espesor, aunque la capa interna es m&aacute;s electrodensa que la     externa. Esta condici&oacute;n coincide con lo descrito para E. arvense     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[(Uehara &amp; Kurita 1989), <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     ramosissimum </span>Desf. y<span style="font-style: italic;"> E.     palustre</span> L.     (Lugardon 1990, Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991). Uehara &amp; Kurita (1989)     utilizaron los t&eacute;rminos exina interna y exina externa para     referirse a las dos capas del exosporio, t&eacute;rminos que     aqu&iacute; no se han utilizado por considerarlos m&aacute;s adecuados     para granos de polen. </font><font style="font-family: verdana;"      size="2">Entre el exosporio y el perisporio de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> se observ&oacute;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[una delgada capa irregular de material electrodenso. Fue registrada por     Tryon &amp; Lugardon (1991) en <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     ramosissimum </span>y<span style="font-style: italic;"> E. palustre</span>     y por     Kedves &amp; P&aacute;rdutz (1998) en <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     arvense</span> y considerada por     &eacute;stos &uacute;ltimos como parte del exosporio. Las observaciones     efectuadas en <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>     coinciden con estos autores; adem&aacute;s     esta capa de material es la responsable de la     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[micro-ornamentaci&oacute;n presente en la capa externa del exosporio de     las esporas maduras de <span style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span>.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Las orb&iacute;culas de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> son cuerpos     esf&eacute;ricos     macizos formados por esporopolenina, que se originan a partir del     tapete y se depositan juntamente con el perisporio, mientras que el     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[exosporio carece de orb&iacute;culas. En helechos se ha citado su     presencia sobre la superficie del exosporio y del perisporio y se han     considerado similares a esas capas en origen y naturaleza. Lugardon     (1981) las llam&oacute; gl&oacute;bulos y luego, Tryon &amp; Lugardon     (1991) diferenciaron gl&oacute;bulos, producidos por el tapete al mismo     tiempo que el exosporio, de esf&eacute;rulas u orb&iacute;culas,     formadas juntamente con el perisporio. Passarelli (2007) y Passarelli     <span style="font-style: italic;">et al.</span> (2010) las describieron     en especies de Blechnum (Blechnaceae) y     pese a diferencias en el tama&ntilde;o, las designaron orb&iacute;culas     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[por originarse del tapete y en conjunto con el perisporio. Est&aacute;n     presentes tambi&eacute;n en otros g&eacute;neros de helechos, como     <span style="font-style: italic;">Platycerium</span> Desv., <span      style="font-style: italic;">Drynaria</span> (Bory) Sm., <span      style="font-style: italic;">Christiopteris</span> Copel. y     <span style="font-style: italic;">Polypodium</span> L. (Tryon &amp;     Lugardon 1991). Por lo observado en <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     bogotense</span> y otras especies del g&eacute;nero, corresponde     aplicar el     t&eacute;rmino orb&iacute;culas, dado que &eacute;stas se forman a     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[partir del tapete juntamente con el perisporio y los el&aacute;teres,     hacia el final del proceso de esporog&eacute;nesis y consisten de     esporopolenina. El t&eacute;rmino orb&iacute;culas se considera     sin&oacute;nimo de otros previos, como cuerpos de Ubisch (Rowley 1962)     y gl&oacute;bulos (Lugardon 1981). </font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Tryon &amp; Lugardon     (1991) clasificaron los el&aacute;teres de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span> en dos tipos     seg&uacute;n la forma del &aacute;pice:     truncada, como el que se presenta en <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     bogotense</span> y atenuada como en <span style="font-style: italic;">E.     hyemale</span> e indicaron que est&aacute;n constituidos por dos capas     fibrilares: una interna con fibrillas en disposici&oacute;n     longitudinal y otra externa con fibrillas dispuesta transversalmente y     menos electrodensa. Esta caracterizaci&oacute;n de los el&aacute;teres     tambi&eacute;n fue descrita por Uehara &amp; Kurita (1989) para <span      style="font-style: italic;">E.     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[arvense</span> y por Lugardon (1990) para <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. ramosissimum </span>y<span      style="font-style: italic;"> E. palustre</span>. Los     autores mencionados coinciden en que los el&aacute;teres se unen al     perisporio en la zona de la apertura esporal. Conclusiones previas     sobre la morfolog&iacute;a, ultraestructura y la disposici&oacute;n de     los el&aacute;teres en relaci&oacute;n al perisporio de <span      style="font-style: italic;">E. bogotense</span> se     han confirmado aqu&iacute; y es similar a las descripciones hechas para     otras especies de <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>. </font><br     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Agradecimientos</font><br      style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;">     <font style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="2"></font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Los autores agradecen a     las siguientes instituciones y personas:     Instituto de Biolog&iacute;a de la Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA),     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Unidad de Microscop&iacute;a Electr&oacute;nica de la Universidad del     Cauca (UNICAUCA), Laboratorio de Microscop&iacute;a El&eacute;ctrica de     Barrido de la Escuela de Materiales (UNIVALLE), Laboratorio de     Microscopia Electr&oacute;nica de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia     (UNAL-Sede Palmira), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones     Cient&iacute;ficas y T&eacute;cnicas (Buenos Aires, Argentina),     Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo de la Universidad Nacional de La     Plata, Argentina, a Efr&eacute;n Mu&ntilde;oz y Lyda Patricia Mosquera,     bi&oacute;logos especialistas en microscop&iacute;a electr&oacute;nica,     Ricardo Callejas y Fernando Alzate Guar&iacute;n (Instituto de     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[Biolog&iacute;a de la Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA), responsables de     la lectura cr&iacute;tica y sugerencias hechas al manuscrito final.</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><font      style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="3">Referencias</font><br      style="font-family: verdana;">     <br style="font-family: verdana;">     <!-- ref --><div style="text-align: left;"><font style="font-family: verdana;"  size="2">Abadie, M. &amp; M. Hideux. 1979. L&#8217;anth&egrave;re de <span style="font-style: italic;">Saxifraga cymbalaria</span> L. ssp. <span style="font-style: italic;">huetiana</span> (Boiss.) Engl. e Irmsch., en microscopie &eacute;lectronique (M.E.B. et M.E.T.). 1. G&eacute;n&eacute;ralites. Ontogen&egrave;se des orbicules. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 1: 199-233.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1636965&pid=S0034-7744201300040000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --></font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Beer, R. 1909. The development of the spores of <span style="font-style: italic;">Equisetum</span>. 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Carrera 2 # 1A-25, Urbanizaci&oacute;n Caldas, Universidad del Cauca (UNICAUCA), Popay&aacute;n, Colombia; gantorres@gmail.com</font>    <br> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">Cristina Hilda Rolleri. </font><font  style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">1) Laboratorio de Estudios de Anatom&iacute;a Vegetal Evolutiva y Sistem&aacute;tica (LEAVES), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 64 entre 120 y diagonal 113, B1904 DZB, La Plata. 2) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&iacute;ficas y T&eacute;cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; crolleri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar, </font><font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">tinar@speedy.com.ar</font>&nbsp;     <br> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><a name="1"></a><a  href="#4">1</a>. Grupo de Estudios Bot&aacute;nicos y Docente del Instituto de Biolog&iacute;a, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), calle 67 No. 53-108, Medell&iacute;n, Colombia; ejrbaron@gmail.com</font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><a name="2"></a><a  href="#5">2</a>. Unidad de Microscop&iacute;a Electr&oacute;nica, Profesor Departamento de Biolog&iacute;a. Carrera 2 # 1A-25, Urbanizaci&oacute;n Caldas, Universidad del Cauca (UNICAUCA), Popay&aacute;n, Colombia; gantorres@gmail.com</font><br style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"><a name="3"></a><a  href="#6">3</a>. 1) Laboratorio de Estudios de Anatom&iacute;a Vegetal Evolutiva y Sistem&aacute;tica (LEAVES), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 64 entre 120 y diagonal 113, B1904 DZB, La Plata. 2) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient&iacute;ficas y T&eacute;cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; crolleri@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar, </font><font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2">tinar@speedy.com.ar</font><br  style="font-family: verdana;"> <font style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><font  style="font-family: verdana; font-weight: bold;" size="2">Recibido 06-VIII-2012. Corregido 12-XII-2012. Aceptado 22-I-2013</font><font  style="font-family: verdana;" size="2"></font>    <br> </div> </div> <font size="2"></font>     ]]></body>
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