1.Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Unidad Sonora, Km. 2.35 carretera a Las Tinajas S/N Las Tinajas, Guaymas, Sonora 85465, Mexico; jlopez04@cibnor.mx, eloisa04@cibnor.mx
2.Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195 Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico; jrodri04@cibnor.mx, nhernan04@cibnor.mx
Dirección para correspondencia
Abstract
Shrimp trawling fishery in the Gulf of California captures a wide variety of non-target species of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks that are relatively unknown. The Pacific flagfin mojarra Eucinostomus currani is a frequently found species in these catches, nevertheless, nothing is currently known about its population dynamics. To contribute to the knowledge on this fish species, we studied the size structure, growth, mortality, and the recruitment pattern during the 2004-2005 seasons. A total of 6 078 mojarra were captured from 350 samples, with minimum and maximum lengths of 4.5cm and a maximum of 21.0cm. The average total length of the four major cohorts was 11.4, 13.7, 15.6 and 18.0cm, corresponding to ages 0.9, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.2 years, respectively, being the most abundant the 1.2 year-old group. The instant growth coefficient indicated moderate growth rates (KS=0.81/year, KE=0.85/year), corresponding to individuals living between 3.5 to 3.7 years. The estimated asymptotic lengths was L∞=21.8cm. In general, the population could be considered healthy: natural mortality (M=1.53/year); total mortality (Z=2.73 /year); condition factor (K=0.01072); fishery mortality (F=1.2/ year) and exploitation rate (E=0.43/year). The maximum reproduction period almost coincided with the closed season for shrimp fishing (March to August), thus we concluded that survival of the species is ensured because reproduction is indirectly protected. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 887-897. Epub 2011 June 01.
Key words: Pacific flagfin mojarra, Eucinostomus currani, Gulf of California, shrimp bycath.
Resumen
La pesquería de camarón del Golfo de California captura una amplia variedad de especies incidentales, relativamente no conocidas que incluye peces, crustáceos y moluscos. La mojarra bandera del Pacífico Eucinostomus currani es frecuentemente encontrada en las capturas del camarón y no hay información sobre su dinámica poblacional. La estructura de tallas, crecimiento, mortalidad y patrón de reclutamiento fueron determinados durante la temporada 2004-2005. De manera que se recolectaron 6 078 organismos de esta especie en 350 muestras, las tallas mínima y máxima fueron 4.5cm y 21.0cm. La talla media de las cuatro cohortes presentes fueron 11.4, 13.7, 15.6 y 18.0cm, correspondiendo a edades de 0.9, 1.2, 1.6 y 2.2 años. El coeficiente instantáneo de crecimiento indica un crecimiento moderado (KS=0.81/año, KE=0.85/año), con una longevidad de 3.5 años. La longitud asintótica estimada fue L∞=21.8cm. En general, la población se mostró saludable, con una mortalidad natural (M=1.53/año); factor de condición (K=0.01072); mortalidad total (Z=2.73 /año); mortalidad por pesca (F=1.2/año) y tasa de explotación (E=0.43/año). El periodo de máxima reproducción coincide con la temporada de veda de la pesca de camarón (marzo a agosto). Concluimos que la sobrevivencia de la especie se encuentra indirectamente protegida.
Palabras clave: mojarra bandera del Pacífico, Eucinostomus currani, Golfo de California, fauna acompañante.
The shrimp trawling is one of the most important economic activities in the Gulf of California. During trawling activities many fish, crustacean and mollusk species are caught as bycatch. Based on preliminary surveys, has been demonstrated that over 98% of fish and invertebrate by-catch are obtained during this region shrimp trawling (Rodríguez et al. 2009). Most of the bycatch is thrown back into the sea, because it has no commercial value or the organisms have too small sizes (Herrera 2004). ]]>
The Gerreidae family has a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical latitudes and constitutes an abundant resource of commercial importance in Mexico coastal lagoons (Grijalva- Chon et al. 1996).
Eucinostomus currani Zahuranec in Yáñez-Arancibia, 1980 is a coastal species found from California and the Gulf of California to Northern Peru, the Galapagos Islands and the Cocos Island. They congregate in small shoals. Larvae are pelagic and the juveniles are commonly found in protected environments, from as estuaries, mangroves, tidal channels, rivers deltas to 20km offshore, and hypersaline mangroves. Adults often occur in deeper waters (0 to 30m). It is an omnivorous fish that feeds on plants, organic matter, micro-invertebrates, mollusks and detritus (Bussing 1998). A maximum size of 24cm has been observed (Franke & Acero 1996); this species has low commercial value and is commonly used as bait.
Although E. currani is one of the most frequent species in the shrimp bycatch, no study has addressed the effect of the incidental capture on its population dynamics, because there is very little knowledge about the species on wild or captivity conditions. Previously, it was reported that E. currani is a slow growing species, since in captivity the specimen reached 0.24g in one day, making it unattractive for commercial purposes (Rubio et al. 2004). The main objective of this study was to estimate the population parameters of the Pacific flagfin mojarra obtained from the shrimp trawl catches in the Gulf of California.
Materials and methods
Study area: In the Gulf of California, the trawling shrimp takes place on the continental shelf at depths between nine to 90m. During the shrimp season (August-March 2004-2005), 10 observers on board the Sonora shrimp fleet homeport, operating on the Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit platform (21°1’37’’-31°24’35” N-105°16’06”-114°22’51” W) (Fig. 1). All tows were made at night. In each throw, the observers took randomly 20kg samples of the total capture. The samples were stored in plastic bags at -20°C and labeled with the data collection site. The samples were processed at the Fisheries and Ichthyology Laboratory CIBNOR.
Morphometric measurements: In the laboratory, samples were thawed and separated by taxonomic groups. Identification to species level was done using the taxonomic keys of Bussing (1995), Jordan & Everman (1896), Allen & Robertson (1994) and Nelson et al. (2004, 2006) taxonomic keys. The diacritical characteristics of E. currani used for identification were: tri-banded dorsal fin (grey at the base, silver-light in the midsection, and deep black at the tip), no color pattern on either side of the body. Some young specimens have dark spots (Yáñez-Arancibia 1980).
Morphometric measurements of each organism included total length (from the mouth to the end of the caudal fin), standard length (from the mouth to the end of the caudal peduncle), weight, sex and sexual maturity. To determine sexual maturity, the reference scale of Nikolsky (1963) was used (gonad morphochromatic characterization), which is based on color and gonad texture, as well as its space in the abdominal cavity.
The parameters a and b of the length-weight relationship (W=aLb), where W is weight (g) and L is length (cm), were determined by means of a potential regression. The b value of the weight-length relationship was used for the condition factor calculation. Individual values of the condition factor were obtained through the formula K=W/TLb, where W is weight and TL is total length. The monthly means were calculated from individual values.
In order to obtain size frequencies for each two-week period, data were grouped by intervals of five total length subgroups. To determine number of the cohorts in a capture, Bhattacharya proposed a method (Pauly & Caddy 1985), assuming a normal distribution around the average size of each cohort. ]]>
By using the mean and standard deviation of each cohort like the initial data, NORMSEP analysis (maximum verisimilitude) was performed (Sparre & Venema 1995). Growth was calculated from the size frequency distribution analysis assuming that E. currani follows a von Bertalanffy kinetics model (Pauly et al. 1984, Brey & Pauly 1986). Besides, ELEFAN I was used to estimate growth parameters (Pauly & David 1981, Pauly 1987). This method was selected because it incorporates seasonal growth, which is characteristic of the fauna in the transition from tropical to temperate areas, such as the one from the Gulf of California (Pauly et al. 1984, García 1988). The seasonalgrowth model has the following form:
where Lt is the length at time t, L∞ is the asymptotic length, K is the instant growth coefficient (per year), t0 is the hypothetical time at which the length of the organism is zero, ts is the beginning of sinusoidal growth oscillation with respect to t=0, and C is the intensity of the oscillation of growth.
To start the estimations, seed values of L∞ were calculated by the methods of Powell (1979) and Wetherall et al. (1987). The K value was calculated by the Shepherd’s length composition analysis (NSLCA) (Shepherd 1987, Pauly & Arreguín 1995), while estimates of the third parameter (t0) were performed with the empirical equation proposed by Pauly et al. (1984).
Natural mortality (M) was determined by the empirical equation proposed by Pauly (1980),
where T is the habitat’s average annual sea surface temperature, and by the M=1.5×K equation (Jensen 1996), where K is the instant growth coefficient.
Total mortality and capture probability (selectivity) were estimated with the lengthconverted catch curve method (Pauly et al. 1984). Fishing mortality was estimated from the difference of Z=F+M, and the exploitation rate E=F/Z, where values over 0.5 reflect overexploited populations, and values under 0.5 denote a sub-exploited ones (Gulland & Rosemberg 1992).
Because the information on E. currani only includes the months of the fishing season (September to March), the pattern of reproductive recruitment was used as an alternative method to determine the probable birth date of the organisms caught, by the method ELEFAN II (Pauly 1980, 1987), that analyses the size structure of catches once the selection bias is corrected. The results generated by this model should be treated as approximations, since statements on the annual reproductive pulses number and on their relative strength, is based on the assumptions that fish in the sample grow as described by a single set of growth parameters, and that one month a year has zero recruitment (Moreau & Cuende 1991). Size at first maturity was calculated from the number of mature females at stages III and IV in each size group. The relationship between size and maturity was fitted to a nonlinear estimate, using the least squares procedure. To test the appropriateness of the logistic model, we used the determination coefficient (R2). The maturity-length relationship describes a logistic curve (Pauly 1984):
where r and X50 are sigmoid parameters. The size at first maturity (L50%) is described as the point that intercepts 50% of the logistic model. In this case, L50%=X50 (Pauly 1984). As the same, the selectivity-length relationship describes a logistic curve and was fitted to a nonlinear estimate, using the least squares procedure.
Results ]]>
In the samplings, Pacific flagfin mojarra was one of the most common by-catch species (9%). In this study were measured 6 078 mojarra from 350 samples collected from August 15th 2004 to March 15th 2005 (Fig. 2). Their lengths ranged from 4.6 to 21.0cm. Four cohorts, in terms of mean total length, were 11.4, 13.7, 15.6, and 18.0cm, corresponding to ages 0.9, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.2 years were found; the 1.2 year-old group was the most abundant.
Estimates for the weight-length relationship showed that coefficient b was 3.065 (Lo conf. limit=3.021817, Lu conf. limit=3.040513; p-level=0.00) and coefficient was 0.000011 (Lo conf. limit=0.000011, Lu conf. limit=0.000011; p-Level=0.00) and the correlation coefficient R was R=0.9750 (p-level=0.00). Was found a moderate growth (KS=0.81/year, KE=0.85/ year) corresponds to specimens that were ~3.7 years old (longevity=3/K) as well as an asymptotic length of L∞=21.8cm (W∞=128.1g) by the Shepherd and ELEFAN I methods, when t0=- 0.216 (Table 1). The resulting curve is shown in Fig. 3.
The condition factor average was K=0.01072, and K index showed the lowest value in February and the highest value in March (this is, at the beginning of the reproductive period) (Fig. 4). The estimated natural mortality was M=1.53/year; total mortality Z=2.73/year (CI 1.9-3.5); fishery mortality F=1.2/year, and exploitation rate is E=0.43/year. Mortality values for fishery and exploitation rates suggest a healthy population. Although samples were as small as 4.6cm, first-capture estimated size was 12.85cm, with a value of L50%=12.8cm (t50%=10 months) and L75%=14.3cm (t75%=13.2 months) and selection rank R=30mm (Fig. 5). The resultant adjusted equation to the logistic selectivity model is:
where P is the probability of capture and X is the total length in cm.
]]> Incorporation of new recruits was observed throughout the year, with two peaks: the first of 30.07% from March to April and the second of 29.19% from June through August (Fig. 4). The size at first maturity was estimated at 14.2cm of total length, corresponding to an approximate age of 15 months (Fig. 5). The adjusted equation to the logistic model was:
Discussion
The Pacific flagfin mojarra is the most abundant species in shrimp ]]> et al. 2010). It occupies coastal zones from three to 77m. In the literature, the maximum depth is stated as 60m (Ayala & Tapia 1990), but our samples extend this range to 77m. This mojarra is a demersal, freshwater and marine inhabitant in the Mexican Pacific coasts that uses lagoons for protection and feeding in their early developmental stages (Amezcua 1976, Grijalva-Chon et al. 1996). The wider distribution range to depth of the mojarra allow it to remain highly ]]> et al. 2008). The same as the latitudinal distribution, the distribution in depth of the species, can be limited by thermal barriers and of pressure as well as of type topographical existent in the Gulf of California. The different depth distribution (5-77m) of this species, can be due to the existence of big sandy-muddy coastal extensions, that are very productive areas, in ]]> et al. 1996, López-Martínez et al. 2010).
The weight-length relationship is according to the value estimate from the same species by Ruíz-Ramirez et al. (1997), González- Acosta et al. (2004), Aguirre et al. (2008) and Velázquez-Velázquez et al. (2009) (Table 2) and show an isometric growth.
The Pacific flagfin mojarra has ]]> et al. 1997). The calculated K value was greater than previously reported values (K=0.58), corresponding to 4.9 year-old mojarra. This result can be attributed to larger sizes being sampled previously (Ruíz-Ramirez et al. 1997).
]]> The recruitment pattern (the reproductive period) was from March to August and size at first sexual maturity being slightly smaller compared to a previous report on this species in the Gulf of Tehuantepec (14.5cm) (Ruíz- Ramirez et al. 1997). The condition factor is an index reflecting interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in the physiological condition of fishes. It shows the population’s welfare during various stages of the life cycle (Angelescu ]]> et al. 1958). In the case of E. currani, the condition factor decreases at the start of the spawning period due to very high metabolic rates. Unfortunately, we have data of E. currani only for the months of shrimp fishing (September to March), being impossible to follow the behavior of K during the period of maximum recruitment. Vazzoler & Vazzoler (1965), Martins-Juras (1980) and Lizama & Ambrosio (2002) state that the condition factor does not merely reflect the feeding condition of the adult stage, but includes the state of gonadal development, ]]>
The size structure and the size at first sexual maturity indicated that 58% of the sample were juveniles (<13 months), this is, sexually immature. In some previous reports, juveniles are commonly found in estuarine regions, mangroves, tidal streams and rivers far from the coast, and the adults occur in deeper waters (De la Cruz-Agüero et al. 1997). This finding is very important, indicating the low selectivity of shrimp nets. E. currani represents an important component of the trophic chain for many marine species in areas of high biological productivity (Ramírez-Luna et al. 2008). By-catch arises because fishing gears have imperfect selection properties, but the problem is made worse by economic pressures resulting from overexploitation. This fact can lead tothe decrease in the abundance of ]]>
The consequences of trawling activities on ecosystems have been frequently studied during the past years. Common trends of community responses have been detected, for instance, areas with high disturbance may become more uniform and characterized by fewer and more dominant species (Escolar et al. ]]> et al. (2009) have outlined that in the Gulf of California has diminished the trophic level of the captures, as consequence of the fishing pressure. Arreguín-Sánchez et al. (2002) suggests that fish mortality in the bycatch could have a positive impact on the shrimp stock, due to fact that some species has ]]> et al. 2008).
The mortality indicators here obtained are relatively low, considering natural and catch conditions, as well as an exploitation rate close to maximum. E. currani is reported as highly “resilient” because its population doubling time is less than 15 months (Froese & Pauly 2000). Additionally, the recruitment pattern coincides with the peak reproduction period, which closely matches the end of the shrimp fishery season (March through August). We concluded that survival of this mojarra is ensured because the reproduction season is indirectly protected. A detailed analysis of the mojarra reproductive ]]>
Acknowledgments
Thanks to the participating owners of the shrimp trawlers based in the port of Guaymas, Sonora for facilitating our participation in the shrimp and by-catch surveys. Funds were provided by SAGARPA-CONACYT (SAGARPA grant 2003-C01-089), PRODUCE Sonora grant 26-2009-1356 and CIBNOR (Project EP1.1). Thanks to Ira Foguel English Editor.
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Correspondencia: Juana López-Martínez & Eloisa Herrera-Valdivia. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Unidad Sonora, Km. 2.35 carretera a Las Tinajas S/N Las Tinajas, Guaymas, Sonora 85465, Mexico; jlopez04@cibnor.mx, eloisa04@cibnor.mx
Jesús Rodríguez-Romero & Norma Y. Hernández-Saavedra. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Mar Bermejo 195 Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23090, Mexico; jrodri04@cibnor.mx, nhernan04@cibnor.mx
Received 24-V-2010. Corrected 01-XII-2010. Accepted 17-I-2011.