Ultrastructure of Oryza glumaepatula , a wild rice species endemic of tropical America
Ethel Sánchez 1 & Ana M. Espinoza 2,3
1 Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC),Universidad de Costa Rica, Apdo. Postal 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica. Fax: (506) 2073182; ethels@cariari.ucr.ac.cr
2 Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM),Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Fax:(506)207-3190; amespino@racsa.co.cr.
3 Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Received 01-VI-2003. Corrected 13-X-2003. Accepted 07-XI-2003.
Abstract
Oryza glumaepatula is a perennial wild rice species,endemic to tropical America, previously known as the Latin American race of Oryza rufipogon .In Costa Rica, it is found in the northern region of the country, mainly in the wetland of the Medio Queso River, Los Chiles, Alajuela. It is diploid, of AA type genome and because of its genetic relatedness to cultivated rice it is included in the O.sativa complex. We describe the ultrastructure of leaf blade, spikelet, ligule and auricles. Special emphasis is given to those traits of major taxonomic value for O.glumaepatula and to those characters that distinguish this species from O. rufipogon and O. sativa . O. glumaepatula has a leaf blade covered with tombstone-shaped, oblong and spheroid epicuticular wax papillae. It has diamond-shaped stomata surrounded by spherical papillae, rows of zipper-like silica cells, bulky prickle trichomes of ca .40 µm in length and small hirsute trichomes of ca. 32 µm in length.The central vein is covered with large,globular papillae of ca. 146 µm in length,a characteristic that distinguishes this species from O.rufipogon and O.sativa. The border of the leaf blade exhibits a row of even-sized bulky prickle trichomes of ca .42.5 µm in length.Auricles have attenuated trichomes of ca .5.5 mm in length on the edges and small bicellular trichomes of 120 µm in length on the surface.The ligule has a large number of short attenuated trichomes on its surface of 100 µm in length.These latter two traits have important taxonomic value since they were found in O.glumaepatula but not found in O.sativa or in O.rufipogon . The spikelet has the typical morphology of the Oryza genus. Fertile lemmas have abundant spines, a trait shared with O.rufipogon but not with O.sativa. The sterile lemmas are wing-shaped with serrated borders,a characteristic that distinguishes this species from O. rufipogon and O.sativa. All the ultrastructure characters observed in O.glumaepatula from Costa Rica are also common to the specimens from Brazil. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(1-2):15-22. Epub 2005 Jun 24.
Key words: Oryza glumaepatula, Oryza, rice, ultrastructure, anatomy, morphology, Oryzeae, Poaceae.
]]> Oryza glumaepatula is a diploid (AA type genome)wild rice species, endemic to tropical America and belonging to the O.sativa group (Tateoka 1962a,1962b,Morishima and Martins 1993, Akimoto et al.1998).It has previously been reported in Venezuela, Brazil and Cuba (Morishima 1994,Vaughan 1994,Akimoto et al.1998),and more recently in Costa Rica (Zamora et al. 1998, 1999a, 1999c,Zamora 2001).This species presents some morphological characteristics that are very similar to those of the Asian wild species Oryza rufipogon Griff,a species that is believed to have been introduced into America along with cultivated rice (Juliano et al.1998,Naredo et al.1998,Zamora et al. 1999b,Zamora 2001).In Costa Rica,O.rufipogon is part of the weedy rice complex associated with rice fields (Arrieta et al.2000),but it has never been found in natural ecosystems (Zamora et al.1998,Zamora 2001).Isozyme assays have shown that the species found in the rice fields corresponds to O.rufipogon (Akimoto et al.1998,Zamora 2001).Since O.glumaepatula is closely related to cultivated rice, it is of great importance to know the ultrastructure of this species, especially because of its potential use as a source of useful genes for the genetic improvement of rice (Juliano et al.1998,Zamora et al.1999b, Zamora 2001).
In Costa Rica, only two wild populations of O.glumaepatula are known. One is a group of thousands of plants, restricted to the Delirios plain, on the margins of the Medio Queso River, Los Chiles, Alajuela. The other is a small group located on the road to Murciélago, Península Santa Elena, Guanacaste (Zamora et al.1998, Zamora 2001).Specimens of O. glumaepatula from Costa Rica can be identified during their vegetative cycle by their long ligule (23 5.6 mm)and their long thin auricles (0.13 0.11 mm)(Zamora et al.1999a,Zamora 2001).These specimens have narrow leaves 10 mm)and short panicles (31 ± 8.5 mm) with few branches. Spikelets measure ca.8 mm;awns can be 80 mm long and are red in colour (Zamora et al.1998,Zamora 2001). Nevertheless,some of the morphological traits previously described by Zamora (2001) for O.glumaepatula from Costa Rica differ from specimens of Brazil (Akimoto et al.1998, Sánchez et al.1999,Zamora 2001).
The aim of this study is to describe the ultrastructure of leaves,ligule,auricles and spikelets accessions of O.glumaepatula from Costa Rica.
Materials and methods
Material sampling: Samples were collected at the Delirios plain, at the margins of the Medio Queso River, Los Chiles, Alajuela. Collection took place during December and January (1998-1999).
Electron microscopy samples of the leaf blade,auricles,ligule and spikelets were fixed in Karnovsky ’s solution (Karnovsky 1965). They were then post-fixed with 1% osmium tetraoxide and dehydrated in an increasing gradient of ethanol solutions. Furthermore, four rinses with terbutylic alcohol were performed and the samples were then dried by sublimation (Eiko ID-2, Japan).The samples were mounted on aluminiun bases and covered with 30 nm of platinum (Eiko IB-5,Japan).
To obtain the pollen,the anthers were homogenized in a 10% sodium hydroxide solution and rinsed with distilled water.They were concentrated by centrifugation and washed by ultrasound (Astrason sonicator 11 H,Japan). These samples were fixed with osmium tetraoxide and processed as detailed above.The dry caryopses were placed in an incubator at 37 ºC during 48 hours; mounted and covered with 30 nm of platinum. Finally, the samples were observed with scanning electron microscopes (models Hitachi S-570 and S-2360N) at 15 000 V. Micrographs were taken at a magnification of 25-3000X.
Results
The adaxial surface of the leaf blade of Oryza glumaepatula showed three types of epicuticular wax, which according to their shape, were defined as tombstone, oblong and spheroid papillae. Tombstone papillae were about 10.5 µm in length and 15.5 µm wide, oblong were 12.0 µm in length (Fig.1a). The most abundant spheroid papillae were 3 µm in diameter. The border of the leaf blade had one row of bulky prickle trichomes ca.42.5 µm in length (Fig.1b,1e). The epidermal pattern was composed of several rows of the three kinds of papillae described above with the stomata located at two of these rows. There were also rows of silica cells, flanked by two rows of tombstone papillae. Along the silica cell rows, bulky prickle trichomes were seen together small hirsute trichomes of 42.5 µm in length (Fig.1b). This pattern was repeated throughout the adaxial surface of the blade. Each of the silica cells exhibited a small central papilla, giving the row a zipper-like appearance (Fig.1c). The stomata were surrounded by four to eight papillae, giving them a rosette-like appearance at low magnifications (Fig.1b).
]]> On the abaxial surface of the leaf blade, the central vein was decorated with globular papillae measuring approximately 146 µm on the horizontal axis and 138 µm on the vertical axis (Fig.1d). From the border of the leaf blade towards the central vein the pattern of the abaxial surface showed: several rows of groups of bilobed papillae, the papillae on the edges of each group were small but increased reaching their maximum size in the central region (Fig.1e). Between each group there is a small area devoid of papillae.There were also three rows of hirsute trichomes, each one surrounded by spherical papillae (Fig.1c) and larger bilobed papillae between the stomata (Fig.1e). In addition, there were two rows of papillae and one row of silica cells that alternates with bulky prickle trichomes. The described pattern was repeated beyond this row, throughout the leaf blade (Fig.1e). This area showed unicellular trichomes that have a delicate structure, since they collapsed easily (Fig.1f).The curled ciliated auricles showed bicellular trichomes of ca. 5.5 µm long on its surface (Fig.2b) and long attenuated trichomes on the edges. These latter trichomes measure ca.16 mm (Fig.2c) and their bases were covered with oblong cells (Fig.2c).The ligule exhibits the same pattern of epidermal cells as the leaf blade. However, a conspicuous aspect of the pattern was the bulky prickle trichomes, with the numerous papillae and a large number of unicellular attenuated trichomes of ca.1 mm in length (Fig.2e).
The appresed spikelet had six anthers and four lobes were fixed at the base (Fig.2f). The awn originates at the sterile lemma (Fig.3a) and the fertile lemmas (lemma and palea) were covered by rows of lignified papillae that exhibited one or two projections and spines ca. 2 mm long (Fig.3a).There were two feathery stigmata (Fig.3b) joined to the ovary by the stylum.These species showed the spikelet having a prominent raquilla that joins the sterile with the fertile lemmas (Fig.3c). The sterile lemmas were wing-shaped, coriaceous with serrated borders (Fig.3d) and presented stomata at the base.The anthers presented oblong cells covered with wax (Fig. 3e) and the pollen grains were monoporate with simple ornamentation and measured ca . 36 µm in diameter (Fig.3f).
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Discussion
The above results agree with those reported by Metcalfe (1960) for O.sativa, Hoagland and Paul (1978) for four O. sativa varieties and red rice biotype,and Terrel et al.(2001) on O.sativa (a,c,P.I. 391823, b,cv, Strawhull Red; d, P. I. 373210, O. sativa (a,cv.Notai). However,bulky prickle trichomes were found on both surfaces of the leaf blade,differing from those reported by Hoagland and Paul (1978) who found these type of trichomes only in the abaxial surface of the leaf blade.
O.glumaepatula has hirsute trichomes and curled auricles as do O.rufipogon and O.sativa var.CR -5272,characteristics which distinguish them from the tetraploid species O.latifolia and O.grandiglumis (Sánchez 1999, Zamora 2001, Sánchez et al. 2005).There are different traits in O.glumaepatula of taxonomic value because they are present in O.glumaepatula but absent in O.rufipogon and O.sativa: the globular papillae on the central vein, the bicellular trichomes of the auricles, the small attenuated trichomes of the ligule, the wing-shaped sterile lemma with serrated border (Sánchez 1999).
It is possible to distinguish ultrastructurally the spikelet of O.sativa because its fertile lemmas exhibit few small spines (Terrel et al.2001), while those of O.glumaepatula and O.rufipogon have abundant large spines (Sánchez 1999,Terrel et al.2001). Additionally, O. sativa can be recognized for its leaf blade by the presence of long unicellular trichomes that are absent in the two other species mentioned above (Akimoto et al. 1994,Sánchez 1999). In conclusion, our results confirm that O.glumaepatula is a different species from O.rufipogon.
Acknowledgments
The authors want to acknowledge Enrique Freer and Francisco Hernández for valued collaboration, to Tania Quesada for the translation of the manuscript to English, to Alejandro Zamora for valuable discussions, to Jéssica Coto for the artwork.
Resumen
O.glumaepatula es una especie de arroz silvestre perenne, endémica de América Tropical, conocida anteriormente como la O.rufipogon americana. En Costa Rica se le encuentra en la zona norte del país, principalmente en los humedales del río Medio Queso, Los Chiles, Alajuela. Es una especie diploide de genoma AA y por su cercanía genética con el arroz cultivado se le incluye en el complejo de O.sativa. El propósito de este trabajo es realizar una descripción ultraestructural de la morfología de la lámina foliar, espiguilla, lígula y aurículas. Se enfatizó en aquellas características de valor taxonómico para O.glumaepatula , destacando las características que la distinguen de O.rufipogon y O.sativa. Esta especie presenta la lámina foliar cubierta de papilas de cera en forma de lápida, alargadas y esferoides, tiene estomas romboidales rodeados de papilas esféricas, hileras de células de sílice de forma crenada, tricomas espinosos abultados de ca.40 m m y tricomas hirsutos pequeños de ca.32 m m. La vena central se encuentra cubierta de papilas globulares de ca.146 m m, característica que la distingue de O.rufipogon y O.sativa. El borde de la lámina presenta una hilera de tricomas espinosos abultados de tamaño homogéneo de ca. 42.5 m m. Las aurículas rizoides tienen tricomas atenuados largos en los bordes de ca. 5.5 mm y tricomas bicelulares en la superficie de ca.120 m m, esta última característica es de valor taxonómico. La lígula presenta en su superficie gran cantidad de tricomas atenuados cortos de ca.100 m m. La espiguilla presenta la morfología típica del género, las lemas fértiles tienen espinas abundantes y largas, característica que la comparte con O.rufipogon pero no con O.sativa. Las lemas estériles son aladas, de bordes dentados, característica que la distingue de O.rufipogon y de O.sativa. Las características ultraestructurales observadas en O.glumaepatula son comunes con la O.glumaepatula de Brasil.
]]> Palabras clave: Oryza glumaepatula, Oryza, arroz, ultrastructura, anatomía, morpfología, Oryzeae, Poaceae.References
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