A mass collection of Triatoma ryckmani (Hemiptera:Reduviidae)from Stenocereus eichlamii (Cactaceae)in the semiarid region of Guatemala
Ricardo Marroquín M,Silvia Bor A.&M.Carlota Monroy E.
Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología.Escuela de Biología.Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacia. Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala,Ciudad Guatemala, Guatemala. Fax:(502)4769856 ;usaccqyf@usac.edu.gt, cmonroy@usac.edu.gt
Received 07-III-2003. Corrected 14-V-2004. Accepted 03-VI-2004.
Abstract:A population of 216 specimens of Stenocereus eichlamii (Cactaceae,Subfamily Cereoideae) was surveyed for Triatoma ryckmani (vector of Chagas disease)in a one hectare plot of semiarid habitat in Guatemala. Out of 44 plants that had dead and dry sections,24 plants had a total of 103 specimens of T.ryckmani .In comparison with other areas of Guatemala,T.ryckmani is well established in the semiarid ecosystem (Infestation index 54.5,density =2.3 and crowding index 4.3).The insects were mainly found (52.4%)in the dead portions of S.eichlamii 2.0 to 3.2 m above the ground (X2 =26.0,P<0.00001),followed by dry cactus sections between 3.2 and 5.0 m (35.9%).They were less frequent 0.2 to 2.0 m above the ground.A considerable proportion (75.7%)had no aparent blood in their digestive systems.To determine the presence of flagellates,43 of the bugs were dissected,but none were found.This is the first report on T.ryckmani population dynamics in this habitat. Rev. Biol. Trop. 52(4):931-936.Epub 2005 Jun 24.
Key words:Triatoma ryckmani,Stenocereus eichlamii ,semiarid region,sylvan vectors, behavior, Guatemala.
Several haematophagous triatomines are regarded as vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America, (Schofield 1994,Aldana and Lizano 2004);some of them are sylvan and there is a lack of information on their natural behavior and habitat.Some species have been described from accidental findings of specimens;for example,Triatoma ryckmani Zeledón & Ponce (1972)was first described from one female specimen found in an army barrack in Honduras.Later,three female specimens were seen in Miami,Florida:one on an airplane coming from Honduras,and the other two,in imported bromeliads from Guatemala (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979).In addition,a male specimen was found in Arado, Guanacaste province,Costa Rica,under the bark of an Enterolobium cyclocarpum tree (Mimosaceae) 1.5 m above ground (Sherlock and Morera 1988).Another specimen frm Costa Rica was studied by Carcavallo et al.(1996)using scanning electron microscopy,especially the structure of the head,thorax and abdomen, to asses taxonomy.However,the biology and behavior of this species is not known.
In the east of Guatemala there is a semiarid region with xerophitic vegetation (adapted to scarce precipitation);the plant families that predominate are Cactaceae, Mimosaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Zygophylaceae, and Bromeliaceae among others.T.ryckmani was previously described only from a dry forest in Valle,Honduras,where the hollotype was found (Zeledon and Ponce 1972)and Guanacaste, Costa Rica, where the allotype was found (Sherlock and Morera 1988).In this publication we report the species from semiarid regions in Guatemala,relating the natural ecotopes of the species,as well as the entomological indexes that characterizes the population, the nutritional status and the infection rates with flagellates.
Material and methods
]]> The collection site is a wide plain in the village of Tulumaje,El Progreso,Guatemala,situated in W 90 °03 ´and N 14 °05 ´(Anonymous 1966),at 360 -400 masl.It is 500 m east of the 89th km marker on the highway from Guatemala City to the department of Alta Verapaz.The area is used as source of medicinal plants,firewood and for hunting.The minimum and maximum temperatures were recorded at the beginning and at the end of the study with a digital thermo hygrometer (Testo 635,GM 295 14 770,reg des DM034 112).The Triatomines were collected over six successive days during the dry season (April 2000).
One hectare was marked (100 X 100 m) and found to contain 216 specimens of Stenocereus echlamii Britt &Rose (1920) (Stanley 1976)(Subfamily Cereoideae).The heights of the dead portions of the cacti were measured,removed individually from each plant,placed on a white sheet and manually examined by two people for an average of 35 minutes to find triatomines.Chi-squared analysis was used to determine any significant differences in the insect ’s preferred height above ground and in the sex ratio.We recorded the height above ground of the dry portion of the cactus,the number of bugs collected in each dry portion,the development stage (for nymphs)or sex (for adults),the number of eggs,number of exuviae,and the nutritional status (fasting or engorged with blood)of each live bug was recorded.
The principal entomological indexes as descriptors of the population were:the infestation index (number of cacti infested by triatomines/number of cacti examined x 100); the density index (number of triatomines captured/number of cacti);the crowding index (number of triatomines captured/number of cacti with triatomines).
The developmental stage was recorded in three groups:counting the nymphs from the 1st to the 3rd stages, the nymphs from the 4th and 5th stages and the adults ’ females or males. The insects were transported alive to the laboratory.
A portion of the rectum and the salivary gland was removed individually from each triatomine bug,dispersed in saline solution and analyzed by microscopy (400X)for several minutes looking for flagellates by technicians trained in detection of Trypanosoma cruzi. All the specimens were deposited in the "Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala ",Calle Mariscal Cruz 1-56 Zona 10,telephone (502)3346065, and catalog No.24,Section Hemiptera.
Results
The specimens of T.ryckmani were collected only in the senesced and dead portions of S. eichlamii. The temperature and relative humidity recorded during the six days of the study ranged from 25 to 41 °C,and 25 to 65%humidity.
A total of 44 specimens (20.4%)of the cactus S.eichlamii had some senesced and dry portions (Table 1).These cacti were preferentially located in clusters near roads and partially cleared forest patches.In 29 of the specimens examined,the presence of triatomines was verified:24 with live bugs,four contained only exuviae and one only eggs.The entomological indexes for known descriptors of the population were,infestation index:54.5%;density index:2.3;and crowding index:4.3.
The majority of bugs of each stage were found in a fasting condition,75.7%,as compared to 24.3%engorged with blood.The biggest percentage of fasting was registered in the adults (83.3%);followed by the 4th and 5th stage (78.6%);and the 1st -3rd stage (74.7%).
Table 3 shows the frequency of T.ryckmani found at different heights in the dead portions of S.eichlamii .Portions of the cacti were examined for the preferred location of triatomines.The smallest number of bugs were found at the lowest branches of the cacti (0.2 –2.0 m);4th or 5th stage nymphs weren ’t either seen at this level.All the stages clearly preferred the middle portion (2.0 – 3.2 m)of the S.eichlamii (52.4%)with an intermediate number of bugs (35.9%)residing in the highest portion of the cactus (3.2-5.0 m),only 12 cacti were found to have dried portions at this level above ground and were included in the evaluation.
This difference in preferred microhabitat (middle)compared to the highest and lowest portions was statistically significant (X2=26.0, p<0.00001).
The composition of the population was then analyzed for each of the layers.The intermediate level (layer with the greatest infestation,2.0 to 3.2 m)contained almost all females and nymphs,and only one male.Only seventeen cacti were found to have dried portions at this level above ground and were included in the evaluation.At the highest level,3.2 –5.0 m,only one adult (out of 37 individuals) was found.Rodent excrement was present at all three heights of S.eichlamii .
Table 4 shows the frequency of 25 T.ryckmani engorged with blood related to the height above ground in the cacti.At the lowest level (0.2 to 2.0 m)5 of the 25 triatomine (20%)were found and no 4th and 5th nymphs; 17 (68%)were found at the intermediate level (2.0-3.2m),no adults were present.Only three engorged triatomines were found at the highest level,all 2nd or 3rd nymphs.The dry portions from 24 S.eichlamii were evaluated,and the engorged bugs had a highly significant location preference for the middle layer (X2=13.8, p <0.0001).
Discussion
The semiarid region and dry forest where the insects were found,share these characteristics:The existence of:E.cyclocarpum (Mimosaceae),S.eichlamii (Cactaceae), Tillandsia xerographica (Bromeliaceae)among others.The altitude range (800 m)established by Jurberg et al.(1996)was widened with the finding of 103 specimens at 360 -400 m.
A comparison between the entomological indexes of this species with other Guatemalan domiciliary vectors of Chagas disease was done,each cactus was considered equivalent to a human house.It is the first time that such comparison is done,the purpose is to have an idea of how well the population is established in the ecosystem.
The infestation index for T.ryckmani in S.eichlamii (54.54)is greater than the infestation index (range of 0.6-34.5)found for three haematophagous triatomines in domiciliary conditions in Guatemala (Tabaru et al.1999). T.ryckmani is common in S.eichlamii ,this suggests that this population is well adapted to live in this plant,which is found in a semiarid environment.
The density index for T.ryckmani is high (2.34);this is comparable to the domiciliary index for Rhodnius prolixus in Chiquimula and T.dimidiata in Jutiapa (Tabaru et al.1999). In other locations of the country, the density indexes in human houses were inferior to 1.17, which shows that the population of T.ryckmani under wild condition is as well adapted as the stable triatomines populations found in intradomiciliary conditions.
The crowding index for T.ryckmani in S.eichlamii was 4.29,which is similar to the indexes for domiciliary T.dimidiata in the provinces of Santa Rosa (4.6),Suchitepequez (4.5),Baja Verapaz (4.0)and Guatemala (4.0). The majority (75.7%)of T.ryckmani was found in a fasting condition (Table 2). This value suggests competition for survival, especially in the 1st,2nd,and 3rd stages of development.These insects are probably opportunistic organisms that obtain maximum profits up on the arrival of other animals near their host plants.
The male-female proportion of T.ryckmani resembles that of R.prolixus in Guatemala, because more females than males were found. In contrast to T.dimidiata and T.nitida where the males are more abundant than females (Monroy, unpublished). This may indicate that R.prolixus in houses and T.ryckmani in wild conditions are well adapted.In blood sucking females need more blood for oviposition purposes,in T.ryckmani populations the abundance of females requires more blood sources.
These populations are better adapted in comparison with T.dimidiata and T.nitida in Guatemala though these ones are in a process of establishment in domestic habitats.
]]> Table 3 demonstrates that,in the cacti,the tissues are not uniformly dry.The 0.2 to 2.0 m level showed the smallest number of insects because their thick greenish layer;T.ryckmani was mainly found at the level of 2.0 to 3.2 m were there are more dry layers.The age structure of triatomines was analyzed in groups:1st,2nd and 3rd nymphs,4th and 5th instars and adults (males,females), since the highest mortality usually occurs in the 1st-3rd instars.By the time they reach the 4th and 5th instars they have a higher probability of surviving and reach the adult stage.Insects in the adult stage are the ones that reproduces and perpetuate the population growth.
This insect population shows a steep pyramidal structure with 80.6%of the whole group represented by the earliest stages,followed by only 13.6%in stages 4 and 5,and just a small amount of adults (5.8%).
Since a blood meal is required for a triatominae to go into the next development stage,it is striking that so many of the insects were found with empty stomachs (74.7%of the 1st-3rd stag78.6%of the 4th and 5th stages and 83.3% of the adults).It can be that the insects prefer the dry portions of S.eichlamii (2.0-3.2 m height) because there is a great food supply for them at this level.A big proportion of bugs engorged with blood were found at this height compared with other levels in the cactus.
In dried layers of S.eichlamii (table 4), most of the bugs with feeding blood were in the 1st,2nd,and 3rd stages,since these are phases in which more nutrients are needed for development.This layer is also preferred by the rodents to live,a coincidence that indicates the relationship between triatomines and this mammals that become a source of blood for the insects.
Our data support the hypothesis of Lent and Wygodzinsky (1979)that T.ryckmani lives in arboreal habitats.In other studies,T.ryckmani was also found in the epiphyte T.xerographica (Bromeliaceae)at a branch of more than 5.00 m in height.
More populations need to be sampled to exclude T.ryckmani as a Chagas disease vector. In the laboratory condition T.ryckmani accept bird (whitecap doves)and mammal (rodent) blood as food resource,which answers the Sherlock and Morera (1988)questions.This is the first report of the natural environment of T.ryckmani and some information about the population structure.It seems that T.ryckmani is well adapted to the semiarid region of Guatemala and probably of Central America.
Acknowledgments
For the collections:Geovani López, Armando Higueros and Carlos Avila of the Unidad de Biotopos del Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas (CECON)de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.Jaime A.Juarez for helping in the determination of the triatomine.Mario Véliz from Herbario de la Escuela de Biología for the determination of Cactaceae and Bromeliaceae.Sergio Melgar del Laboratorio de Investigación de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología for advice and help in the statistical analysis.
Resumen
]]> En Guatemala,en una hectárea de la región semiárida,se encontraron 216 cactus de Stenocereus eichlamii (Cactaceae),44 de ellos tenían alguna parte del tallo en condiciones secas.103 Triatoma ryckmani fueron halladas en 24 de esos 44 S.eichlamii .Una comparación de los índices entomológicos con otros vectores domiciliares de la enfermedad de Chagas en Guatemala,da la idea que T. ryckmani está bien establecida en el ecosistema semiárido (índice de infestación de 54.5,índice de densidad de 2.3 e índice de hacinamiento de 4.3).Los triatominos fueron hallados preferentemente en las partes muertas de S.eichlamii entre 2.0 a 3.2 m sobre el nivel del suelo (52.4%de triatominos colectados,X ²=26.0,p<0.00001),el siguiente entre 3.2 a 5.0 m (35.9%)y finalmente 0.2 a 2.0 m (11.6%). El 75.7 %estaba en condiciones de ayuno y 24.3 %estaban llenas de sangre.Para determinar la presencia de flagelados,43 T.ryckmani fueron disectadas, (primera evaluación de parasitemia en esta especie).Ningún flagelado fue hallado en estos triatominos.Este es el primer reporte de la dinámica poblacional de T.ryckmani en su hábitat silvestre.Palabras clave :Triatoma ryckmani,Stenocereus eichlamii ,región semiárida,vectores silvestres, comportamiento, Guatemala.
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