<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0034-7744</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Revista de Biología Tropical]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Rev. biol. trop]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0034-7744</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Universidad de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0034-77441999000400012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Polimorfismo isoenzimático en cuatro razas y un híbrido de Bactris gasipaes (Palmae)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rojas-Vargas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sonia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramírez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pilar]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mora-Urpí]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Escuela de Biología ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica Cehtro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>47</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<fpage>755</fpage>
<lpage>761</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0034-77441999000400012&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The study of genetic diversity in peach palm (Bactris gasipaes K.) is important for the breeding work on this palm and to corroborate the hypotheses on its origins. For that purpose it is necessary to use alternative techniques to complement the morphological studies traditionally made. One of the techniques that responds to that need is isozyme electrophoresis. The isozymes are biochemical markers of importance in the study of genetic variability in plants of economic importance, because they are the primary products of genetic expression. This work is an electrophoretic analysis on gels of polyacrilamide to study phenetic relations using twelve isozymes on four races and an spontaneous hybrid of peach palm. The biological material used came from the germplasm bank from Los Diamantes Experimental Station, Guápiles-Costa Rica. Four races and a hybrid were selected from that collection. They represented different procedences with morphological differences as well as having particular geographical distribution patterns; they were: Tembé-Chapare (Bolivia-Bo), Pará -Belem (Brasil-Bra), Utilis Guápiles (Costa Rica-CR), Tuira-Darién (Panamá-Pa) and Yurimaguas (Perú-Pe). Five trees of each race and the Yurimaguas hybrid were studied. Different tissues were tried: leaf, adventitious roots, spines, masculine flowers and ripe fruits. An standard native and discontinued method was established on a polyacrilamide matrix for the analysis of twelve isozymes: (PRX, EST, ACP, DIA, G6PDH, ME, MDH, GOT, ADH, PGI, PGM and SOD). The amount of tissue used was 1. 5 g, with 20 min clarification time at 15000 gravity value and a temperature of 4&deg;C. The protocol proposed by <A HREF="#Baaziz">Baaziz & Saaidi (1988)</A> was followed with a modification of concentration of the phosphate buffer solution from 0,005 M to 0. 1M with a 50 to 200 volts gradient. The root, flower and spine tissue were difficult to homogenize because of their high fiber content. The fruit has too much oil and starch, which distort the banding. For those reasons they were discarted. The leaves were selected because they are easy to homogenize and are available all year round. The standardized electrophoretic method allowed the effective use of ten of the twelve isozymes in the leaf tissue. Those ten isozymes showed phenetic polymorphism and are considered useful polymorphic markers for genetic and phenetic diversity studies in Bactris gasipaes. A discriminant marker for the Utilis-Guápiles race was found with the PRX isozyme, which shows an additional locus only in material from that procedence. The conglomerate statistical analysis showed that the races and hybrid studies can be placed in three groups: one is formed by Par and Tembé, the second one by Utilis and Tuira, and the hybrid Yurimaguas is a class by itself and although it seems a bit closer to Utilis-Tuira, it is suspected that has its origin from unknown parents. These results fit previous morphological interpretations. A genetic analysis was not made because of the small sample size, but methodological procedures were established for future research projects using larger populations to study peach palm isozyme electrophoretic diversity.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Se estandarizó un sistema de electroforesis de isoenzimas con tejido de hojas que permitió la identificación del polimorfismo fenético entre cuatro razas y un híbrido de pejibaye Bactris gasipaes provenientes de Brasil, Perú, Bolivia, Panamá y Costa Rica. Las isoenzimas ensayadas fueron: PRX, EST, ACP, ME, DIA, MDH, G6PDH, PGI, SOD, PGM, ADH, GOT, de estas solamente las dos œltimas no mostraron actividad. El resto de isoenzimas mostraron polimorfismo fenético en diferentes grados, por esto se consideran marcadores polimórficos potenciales para estudios de variabilidad genética en pejibaye. Se encontró un locus único en el zimograma de la enzima PRX en las muestras de Utilis-Guápiles (CR), el cual podría usarse como un marcador discriminatorio para esta raza. Se establecieron relaciones de similitud isoenzimática entre las razas Utilis-Guápiles (CR) y Tuira-Darién (Pa); Tembé-Chapare (Bo) y Pará-Belem (Bra) respectivamente, mientras que el híbrido Yurimaguas (Pe) se ubicó aparte y ligeramente más cercano a Utilis y Tuira, por esto se considera que posiblemente desciende de padres aún no identificados.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Pejibaye]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bactris gasipaes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peach palm]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[isozyme]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[polymorphism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[electrophoresis]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Polimorfismo isoenzim&aacute;tico en cuatro razas y un h&iacute;brido de</font></b>     <br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><i>Bactris gasipaes</i>(Palmae)</font></b><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>Sonia Rojas-Vargas&nbsp;<a NAME="1"></a></b><sup><a href="#1ab">1</a></sup><b> Pilar Ram&iacute;rez&nbsp;<a NAME="1a"></a></b><sup><a href="#1ab">1</a></sup><b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a NAME="2"></a></b><sup><a href="#2a">2</a></sup><b> y Jorge Mora-Urp&iacute;<a NAME="1b"></a></b><sup><a href="#1ab">1</a></sup></font></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Received 25- IX-1998. Corrected 12-IV-1999. Accepted 16-IV-1999.</font></font></center> <font size=-1></font>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Abstract</font></font></b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>The study of genetic diversity in peach palm (<i>Bactris gasipaes</i> K.) is important for the breeding work on this palm and to corroborate the hypotheses on its origins. For that purpose it is necessary to use alternative techniques to complement the morphological studies traditionally made. One of the techniques that responds to that need is isozyme electrophoresis. The isozymes are biochemical markers of importance in the study of genetic variability in plants of economic importance, because they are the primary products of genetic expression. This work is an electrophoretic analysis on gels of polyacrilamide to study phenetic relations using twelve isozymes on four races and an spontaneous hybrid of peach palm. The biological material used came from the germplasm bank from Los Diamantes Experimental Station, Gu&aacute;piles-Costa Rica. Four races and a hybrid were selected from that collection. They represented different procedences with morphological differences as well as having particular geographical distribution patterns; they were: Temb&eacute;-Chapare (Bolivia-Bo), Par&aacute; -Belem (Brasil-Bra), Utilis Gu&aacute;piles (Costa Rica-CR), Tuira-Dari&eacute;n (Panam&aacute;-Pa) and Yurimaguas (Per&uacute;-Pe). Five trees of each race and the Yurimaguas hybrid were studied. Different tissues were tried: leaf, adventitious roots, spines, masculine flowers and ripe fruits. An standard native and discontinued method was established on a polyacrilamide matrix for the analysis of twelve isozymes: (PRX, EST, ACP, DIA, G6PDH, ME, MDH, GOT, ADH, PGI, PGM and SOD). The amount of tissue used was 1. 5 g, with 20 min clarification time at 15000 gravity value and a temperature of 4&deg;C. The protocol proposed by <a href="#Baaziz">Baaziz &amp; Saaidi (1988)</a> was followed with a modification of concentration of the phosphate buffer solution from 0,005 M to 0. 1M with a 50 to 200 volts gradient. The root, flower and spine tissue were difficult to homogenize because of their high fiber content. The fruit has too much oil and starch, which distort the banding. For those reasons they were discarted. The leaves were selected because they are easy to homogenize and are available all year round. The standardized electrophoretic method allowed the effective use of ten of the twelve isozymes in the leaf tissue. Those ten isozymes showed phenetic polymorphism and are considered useful polymorphic markers for genetic and phenetic diversity studies in <i>Bactris gasipaes. </i>A discriminant marker for the Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles race was found with the PRX isozyme, which shows an additional locus only in material from that procedence. The conglomerate statistical analysis showed that the races and hybrid studies can be placed in three groups: one is formed by Par and Temb&eacute;, the second one by Utilis and Tuira, and the hybrid Yurimaguas is a class by itself and although it seems a bit closer to Utilis-Tuira, it is suspected that has its origin from unknown parents. These results fit previous morphological interpretations. A genetic analysis was not made because of the small sample size, but methodological procedures were established for future research projects using larger populations to study peach palm isozyme electrophoretic diversity.</font></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font></b>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Key words</font></font></b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Pejibaye,<i> Bactris gasipaes,</i> Peach palm, isozyme, biodiversity, polymorphism, electrophoresis.</font></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<font size=-1></font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>El pejibaye (<i>Bactris gasipaes</i>Kunth)<b> </b>es una palmera nativa del bosque tropical h&uacute;medo americano, que crece entre los paralelos 16&deg; N y 17&deg; S y posee un alto potencial econ&oacute;mico (<a href="#Mora91">Mora-Urp&iacute; 1991</a>, <a href="#Mora97">Mora-Urp&iacute; <i>et al. </i>1997</a>). Existen varias hip&oacute;tesis sobre el origen y domesticaci&oacute;n de esta planta, una sugiere que el origen de la planta tuvo lugar en la regi&oacute;n ubicada a ambos lados de la cordillera de los Andes y sur de Centro Am&eacute;rica, y que la domesticaci&oacute;n ocurri&oacute; independientemente en varias localidades a lo largo de este territorio a partir de diferentes poblaciones silvestres (<a href="#Mora91">Mora-Urp&iacute; 1991</a>). La otra hip&oacute;tesis sugiere que el pejibaye fue domesticado una sola vez en alg&uacute;n lugar del Alto Amazonas (<a href="#Clement">Clement 1995</a>).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A nivel morfol&oacute;gico, existe una gran diversidad entre las poblaciones de pejibayes silvestres y las cultivadas. <a href="#Mora91">Mora-Urp&iacute; (1991)</a> considera que esta variabilidad se debe al origen polifil&eacute;tico del pejibaye cultivado y cuyos cultivares resultantes han participado en hibridaciones posteriores.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>El estudio de la diversidad gen&eacute;tica del pejibaye es de suma importancia para el mejoramiento integral de esta palmera y para comprobar las hip&oacute;tesis sobre el origen del cultivo. Es necesario emplear t&eacute;cnicas que faciliten su an&aacute;lisis gen&eacute;tico y que complementen los estudios morfol&oacute;gicos tradicionalmente utilizados, una de las t&eacute;cnicas que responden a esta necesidad es la electroforesis de isoenzimas. Las isoenzimas son marcadores bioqu&iacute;micos de gran importancia en el estudio de variabilidad gen&eacute;tica de muchas plantas de inter&eacute;s econ&oacute;mico porque son el producto primario de la expresi&oacute;n g&eacute;nica (<a href="#Crawford">Crawford 1989</a>).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>El objetivo de esta investigaci&oacute;n es establecer un sistema de an&aacute;lisis electrofor&oacute;tico de isoenzimas en geles de poliacrilamida, que permita determinar el grado de polimorfismo y las relaciones fen&eacute;ticas de cuatro razas y un h&iacute;brido de pejibaye.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p>    <br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Materiales y M&eacute;todos</font></font></b><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>Material vegetal</b>: Se us&oacute; material del banco de germoplasma ubicado en la Estaci&oacute;n Experimental "Los Diamantes", Gu&aacute;piles, Costa Rica. De esa colecci&oacute;n fueron seleccionadas cuatro razas y un h&iacute;brido de pejibaye de diferentes procedencias (<a href="#CUADRO1">Cuadro 1</a>) y que presentan variaci–n morfol&oacute;gica entre s&iacute;: Temb&eacute;-Chapare (Bolivia-Bo), Par&aacute;-Belem (Brasil-Bra), Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (Costa Rica-CR), Tuira-Dari&eacute;n (Panam&aacute;-Pa) y el h&iacute;brido Yurimaguas (Per&uacute;-Pe). Se estudiaron cinco &aacute;rboles por cada raza e h&iacute;brido, de cada uno se evaluaron tejidos de hoja, ra&iacute;z adventicia, espina, flores masculinas y fruto maduro.</font></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<font size=-1></font>     <center>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><a NAME="CUADRO1"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>CUADRO 1</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Procendencia y ubicaci&oacute;n en el banco de germoplasma de los materiales vegetativos de pejibaye empleados en este estudio</font></font></center>      <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp; <table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH="739" > <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Tipo de fruto</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Introducci&oacute;n</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Pa&iacute;s</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Secci&oacute;n</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Parcela</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Arbol</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Yurimaguas</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Per&uacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P15</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Yurimaguas</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Per&uacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P30</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Yurimaguas</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Per&uacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P71</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Yurimaguas</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Per&uacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P44</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Yurimaguas</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Per&uacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>A</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P57</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>9</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Par&aacute;-Belem</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Brasil</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>C</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P418</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Par&aacute;-Belem</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Brasil</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>C</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P419</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Par&aacute;-Belem</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Brasil</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>C</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P434</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Par&aacute;-Belem</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Brasil</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>C</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P436</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>6</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Par&aacute;-Belem</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Brasil</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>C</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P449</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>9</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Temb&eacute;-Chapare</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Bollivia</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>E</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P1121</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>9</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Temb&eacute;-Chapare</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Bollivia</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>E</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P1137</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>6</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Temb&eacute;-Chapare</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Bollivia</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>E</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P1139</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Temb&eacute;-Chapare</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Bollivia</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>E</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P1138</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>8</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Temb&eacute;-Chapare</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Bollivia</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>E</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P1144</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Tuira-Dari&eacute;n</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panam&aacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>L</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P6041</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Tuira-Dari&eacute;n</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panam&aacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>L</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P6043</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Tuira-Dari&eacute;n</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panam&aacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>L</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P6046</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Tuira-Dari&eacute;n</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panam&aacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>L</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P6060</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Microcarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Tuira-Dari&eacute;n</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Panam&aacute;</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>L</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>P6061</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>8</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Costa Rica</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Z</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5004</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Costa Rica</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Z</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5006</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Costa Rica</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Z</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5007</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Costa Rica</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Z</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5001</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mesocarpa</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="26%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="16%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Costa Rica</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="15%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Z</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="12%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>5002</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="11%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>6</font></font></td> </tr> </table> <font size=-1></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>Tratamiento de las muestras: </b>Se tomaron muestras de 2 g, 1. 5g, 1g y 0. 5g de cada tejido, las que se maceraron en morteros y pistilos de cer&aacute;mica preenfriados, a las que se les a&ntilde;adieron 3 ml de buffer de extracci&oacute;n (<a href="#Baaziz">Baaziz y Saaidi 1988</a>). Los extractos fueron centrifugados a 4&deg;C por 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 min. en las siguientes gravedades: 10 000, 15 000, 20 000 y 25 000. El sobrenadante fue recobrado y almacenado a -70&deg;C hasta el momento de su an&aacute;lisis.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>An&aacute;lisis electrofor&eacute;tico y evaluaci&oacute;n de zimogramas: Se utiliz&oacute; el m&eacute;todo nativo y discont&iacute;nuo sobre una matriz de separaci&oacute;n de poliacrilamida (<a href="#Hames">Hames y Rickwood 1987</a>).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Se emplearon los procedimientos de revelado descritos por <a href="#Vallejos">Vallejos (1983)</a> y <a href="#Harris">Harris y Hopkinson (1976)</a>. Las isoenzimas evaluadas fueron: peroxidasa (PRX), esterasa (EST), fosfatasa &aacute;cida (ACP), diaforasa (DIA), fosfoglucoisomerasa (PGI), glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PDH), enzima m&aacute;lica (ME), malato deshidrogenasa (MDH), glutamato oxalato transaminasa (GOT), alcohol deshidrogenasa (ADH), super&oacute;xido dismutasa (SOD), fosfoglucomutasa (PGM).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>La evaluaci&oacute;n de los zimogramas o fenotipos se bas&oacute; en que cada banda horizontal probablemente corresponde a un locus y que la posici&oacute;n de cada una equivale a un alelo (<a href="#Wendel">Wendel y Weeden 1989</a>, Bennanceur <i>et al</i>. 1991). Los loci se denominaron con letras de<i> A</i> hasta <i>Z</i> y los alelos se catalogaron de <i>o</i> hasta <i>n </i>seg&uacute;n <a href="#Ghesquiere">Ghesquiere (1987)</a> y <a href="#Sánchez">S&aacute;nchez (1988)</a>.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mediante un an&aacute;lisis de conglomerados se establecieron las relaciones de similitud de fenotipos electrofor&eacute;ticos por isoenzima entre el h&iacute;brido y las cuatro razas estudiadas.</font></font>     <br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>    <br><font size=-1></font>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Resultados</font></font></b><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>Material vegetal y tratamiento de las muestras: </b>El proceso de homogeneizaci&oacute;n de los tejidos de ra&iacute;z adventicia y flores masculinas result&oacute; arduo y dif&iacute;cil por la dureza de los tejidos, y del todo imposible, con el tejido de espinas, debido a la naturaleza altamente fibrosa de los tejidos de pejibaye. Sin embargo, el tejido de hoja y fruto se homogeneizaron m&aacute;s f&aacute;cilmente porque contiene menos fibras. El tejido de fruto se descart&oacute; debido a que su alto contenido de grasa y almid&oacute;n distorsionaron el patr&oacute;n de bandas y el sistema de electroforesis se recalent&oacute;, probablemente alterando la estructura de las prote&iacute;nas. De los cinco tejidos estudiados, el tejido de hoja mostr&oacute; los mejores resultados en los procesos de homogeneizaci&oacute;n, extracci&oacute;n y an&aacute;lisis enzim&aacute;ticos, y revel&oacute; los mejores patrones de bandas. Por todas estas razones se eligi&oacute; para el an&aacute;lisis electrofor&eacute;tico de las doce isoenzimas.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Se encontr&oacute; que la cantidad &oacute;ptima de tejido fue 1. 5 g, con un tiempo de clarificaci&oacute;n de 20 min. a una gravedad de 15 000, y a una temperatura de 4&deg;C.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><b>An&aacute;lisis electrofor&eacute;tico y evaluaci&oacute;n de zimogramas:</b> El m&eacute;todo de electroforesis utilizado en este estudio permiti&oacute; la visualizaci&oacute;n de diez de las doce isoenzimas evaluadas; las enzimas ADH y GOT no mostraron actividad enzim&aacute;tica en estas condiciones. La resoluci&oacute;n de los zimogramas vari&oacute; con cada enzima y los mejores patrones de bandas se obtuvieron con PRX, G6PDH, PGI y PGM. Las isoenzimas fueron variables en mayor o menor grado. DIA es la isoenzima con mayor nœmero de fenotipos por gel (14) y PGM (3) la que present&oacute; menor n&uacute;mero (<a href="#CUADRO2">Cuadro 2</a>). Las muestras de la raza Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR) analizadas con la isoenzima PRX mostraron un locus adicional, locus C del fenotipo III (<a href="#fig1">Fig. 1</a>).</font></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<font size=-1></font>     <center>     <p><a NAME="CUADRO2"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>CUADRO 2</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Actividad, resoluci&oacute;n y an&aacute;lisis de los zimogramas de las doce isoenzimas ensayadas con tejido de hojas de pejibaye</font></font></center>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp; <table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH="723" > <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Enzima</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Actividad</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Resoluci&oacute;n</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Zonas de&nbsp;</font></font>     <br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>bandas</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1># Loci probables</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Fenotipos&nbsp;</font></font>     <br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>por gel</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>PRX</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3(A,B,C)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>12</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>EST</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>4</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>4(A,B,C,D)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>12</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>ACP</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2 (A,B)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>9</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>ME<sup>PC</sup></font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2 (A,B)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>DIA</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>4</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3 (A,B,C)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>14</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>MDH</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1 (A)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>8</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>G6PDH</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2 (A,B)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>7</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>PG1</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>2 (A,B)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>9</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>SOD</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3 (A,B,C)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>10</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>PGM</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>+++</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>1 (A)</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>3</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>GOT*</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;</font></font></td> </tr>  <tr> <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>ADH*</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="17%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="19%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="14%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></td>  <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="18%">     <center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>-</font></font></center> </td> </tr> </table> <font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Actividad: + = Patrones con fuerte actividad -= No mostr&oacute; actividad</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Resoluci&oacute;n: +++ = Muy buena + = Regular -+ = Pobre - = Ninguna</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>* = Se debe mejorar el m&eacute;todo de electrofor&eacute;sis</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Pc = Patrones de bandas complejos</font></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<font size=-1></font>     <p><a NAME="fig1"></a><img SRC="/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n4/0402i1.GIF" height=396 width=632>     
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>&nbsp;<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Mediante el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico de conglomerados se encontr&oacute; que las razas y el h&iacute;brido estudiados se aglomeran en tres grupos y que cada uno comparte similitudes fenot&iacute;picas entre s&iacute;. El grupo uno est&aacute; compuesto por las razas de Par&aacute;-Belem (Br) y Temb&eacute;-Chapare (Bo); el grupo dos lo conforman las razas de Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR) y Tuira-Dari&eacute;n (Pa), en tanto, el h&iacute;brido Yurimaguas (Pe) se ubica en una posici&oacute;n dis&iacute;mil, ligeramente m&aacute;s cercana a Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR) y Tuira-Dari&eacute;n (Pa) (<a href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p>    <br><font size=-1></font>     <center>     <p><a NAME="fig2"></a><img SRC="/img/fbpe/rbt/v47n4/0402i2.GIF" height=328 width=695></center>      
<br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>&nbsp;<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Discusi&oacute;n</font></font></b><font size=-1></font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Las diez isoenzimas estandarizadas y analizadas en este estudio representan marcadores polim&oacute;rficos &uacute;tiles para futuros estudios de variabilidad gen&eacute;tica y fen&eacute;tica en <i>Bactris gasipaes</i>. Debido a que la muestra usada en esta investigaci&oacute;n fue peque&ntilde;a, no se hizo un an&aacute;lisis gen&eacute;tico, pero se sientan las bases metodol&oacute;gicas para otras investigaciones que busquen evaluar poblaciones m&aacute;s grandes y conocer la enorme variabilidad gen&eacute;tica del pejibaye a trav&eacute;s de la electroforesis de isoenzimas.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Es importante mencionar que los tejidos de pejibaye son dif&iacute;ciles de homogeneizar por los altos contenidos de fibras. La hoja es el tejido m&aacute;s adecuado porque se homogeneiz&oacute; f&aacute;cilmente, produjo zimogramas claros, es un tejido disponible durante todo el a&ntilde;o, es f&aacute;cil de recolectar y permite evaluar varios sistemas enzim&aacute;ticos.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Se observ&oacute; variaci&oacute;n de fenotipos electrofor&eacute;ticos entre las plantas de diferentes procedencias; es altamente probable que este polimorfismo fen&eacute;tico sea el producto de la gran variabilidad gen&eacute;tica que posee esta especie, y que se manifiesta a trav&eacute;s de sus caracter&iacute;sticas morfol&oacute;gicas. (<a href="#Mora91">Mora-Urp&iacute; 1991</a>).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Otras palmeras como <i>P. datilifera y E. oleifera </i>tambi&eacute;n muestran un alto polimorfismo, que se evidencia por una amplia diversidad morfol&oacute;gica (<a href="#Torres">Torres y Tisserat 1980</a>, <a href="#Ghesquiere">Ghesquiere 1987</a>, Bennanceur <i>et al. </i>1991). Este alto polimorfismo podr&iacute;a obedecer a su reproducci&oacute;n al&oacute;gama, ser producto de adaptaciones a diversas condiciones ambientales o a la coexistencia de razas gen&eacute;ticamente diferentes (Bennanceur <i>et al. </i>1991). En el pejibaye cultivado esta diversidad podr&iacute;a deberse a su origen polifil&eacute;tico (domesticaci&oacute;n de varias especies hermanas), hibridaci&oacute;n, introgresi&oacute;n, reproducci&oacute;n al&oacute;gama, selecci&oacute;n, deriva gen&eacute;tica y mutaci&oacute;n (<a href="#Mora91">Mora-Urp&iacute; 1991</a>). Sin embargo, <a href="#Clement">Clement (1995)</a> encontr&oacute; poca diversidad dentro de las poblaciones que estudi&oacute; con isoenzimas, lo atribuye a una base gen&eacute;tica reducida.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>La peroxidasa revel&oacute; un locus œnico con las muestras de la raza de Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR), el cual podr&iacute;a usarse como un marcador discriminatorio para esta raza. Es posible que sea producto de una mutaci&oacute;n simple, aunque es necesario estudiar un mayor nœmero de individuos para corroborar tal hip&oacute;tesis.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>El an&aacute;lisis de conglomerados mostr&oacute; una estrecha relaci&oacute;n fen&eacute;tica entre las razas Par&aacute;-Belem (Br) y Temb&eacute;-Chapare (Bo), posiblemente porque ambas descienden de <i>Bactris insignis</i>; mientras que las razas Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR) y Tuira-Dari&eacute;n (Pa) tambi&eacute;n se agrupan fenot&iacute;picamente a&uacute;n cuando la morfolog&iacute;a entre estas razas es algo dis&iacute;mil. <a href="#Mora91">Mora-Urp&iacute; (1991)</a> comenta que esta œltima relaci&oacute;n se debe a que estas razas posiblemente comparten ancestros. En otras plantas se han encontrado similitudes isoz&iacute;micas entre razas geogr&aacute;ficas, taxon&oacute;micamente reconocidas como subespecies o variedades (<a href="#Doebley">Doebley 1989</a>).</font></font><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>El an&aacute;lisis de similitud fenot&iacute;pica que combina todos los zimogramas isoenzim&aacute;ticos muestra a Yurimaguas separado del resto de razas y aunque ligeramente m&aacute;s cercano al grupo Utilis-Tuira, por lo que constituye una clase por s&iacute; sola, cuyos padres a&uacute;n no han sido identificados.</font></font>     <br><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font></b>&nbsp;<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font></b>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Agradecimientos</font></font></b><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Agradecenos al equipo de trabajo del Proyecto de Mejoramiento Gen&eacute;tico de Pejibaye en Gu&aacute;piles por su colaboraci&oacute;n en la recolecci&oacute;n de muestras. A Joe Tohme y a la Unidad de Biotecnolog&iacute;a del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) por su colaboraci&oacute;n en la implementaci&oacute;n del sistema de electroforesis e interpretaci&oacute;n de datos. A Ramiro Barrantes y su equipo de trabajo (INISA) por su colaboraci&oacute;n. A Daniel Crawford (Ohio State University) por su asesor’a en la evaluaci&oacute;n de zimogramas y a Harry Hern&aacute;ndez por la asesor&iacute;a en el an&aacute;lisis estad&iacute;stico. A Charles Clement por sus sugerencias y aportes.</font></font><font size=-1></font>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>    <br><font size=-1></font>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Resumen</font></font></b><font size=-1></font>     <p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Se estandariz&oacute; un sistema de electroforesis de isoenzimas con tejido de hojas que permiti&oacute; la identificaci&oacute;n del polimorfismo fen&eacute;tico entre cuatro razas y un h&iacute;brido de pejibaye <i>Bactris gasipaes </i>provenientes de Brasil, Per&uacute;, Bolivia, Panam&aacute; y Costa Rica. Las isoenzimas ensayadas fueron: PRX, EST, ACP, ME, DIA, MDH, G6PDH, PGI, SOD, PGM, ADH, GOT, de estas solamente las dos œltimas no mostraron actividad. El resto de isoenzimas mostraron polimorfismo fen&eacute;tico en diferentes grados, por esto se consideran marcadores polim&oacute;rficos potenciales para estudios de variabilidad gen&eacute;tica en pejibaye. Se encontr&oacute; un locus &uacute;nico en el zimograma de la enzima PRX en las muestras de Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR), el cual podr&iacute;a usarse como un marcador discriminatorio para esta raza. Se establecieron relaciones de similitud isoenzim&aacute;tica entre las razas Utilis-Gu&aacute;piles (CR) y Tuira-Dari&eacute;n (Pa); Temb&eacute;-Chapare (Bo) y Par&aacute;-Belem (Bra) respectivamente, mientras que el h&iacute;brido Yurimaguas (Pe) se ubic&oacute; aparte y ligeramente m&aacute;s cercano a Utilis y Tuira, por esto se considera que posiblemente desciende de padres a&uacute;n no identificados.</font></font>     <br><font size=-1></font>&nbsp;<font size=-1></font>     <p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Referencias</font></font></b><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1></font></font></b>     <!-- ref --><p><a NAME="Baaziz"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Baaziz, M. &amp; M. Saaidi. 1988. Preliminary identification of date palm cultivars by esterase isoenzymes and Benannceur, M, C. Lanaud, M. Chevalier &amp; N. Bounaga. 1991. Genetic diversity of the date palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L) from Algeria revealed by enzyme markers. Plant Breeding 107: 56-69.</font></font><font size=-1></font>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1174323&pid=S0034-7744199900040001200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p><a NAME="Clement"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Clement, C, R. 1995. Pejibaye, <i>Bactris gasipaes </i>(Palmae). In J. Smartt &amp; N. W. Simmonds (eds). Evolution of crops. Longman, Londres, p. 383-388.</font></font><font size=-1></font>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1174324&pid=S0034-7744199900040001200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p><a NAME="Crawford"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Crawford, D. J. 1989. Enzyme electrophoresis and plant systematics, p 146-165. In. Soltis, D. E. &amp; P. S. Soltis. Isozymes in plant biology. Dioscorides, Portland, Oregon, 268p.</font></font><font size=-1></font>    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=1174325&pid=S0034-7744199900040001200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p><a NAME="Doebley"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>Doebley, J. 1989. Isozymic evidence and the evolution of crop plants, p 165-87. In. D. E. Soltis &amp; P. S. Soltis. Isozymes in plant biology. 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<body><![CDATA[<p><a NAME="2a"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1><sup><a href="#2">2</a></sup> Centro de Investigaci&oacute;n en Biolog&iacute;a Celular y Molecular, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060, San Jos&eacute;,</font></font>     <br><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size=-1>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Costa Rica.</font></font>      ]]></body><back>
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