Abstract

Peritoneal macrophages from Wistar rats, inoculated and non-inoculated with 10⁶ T. lewisi trypomastigotes, were cultured and infected with 10⁶ T. gondii tachyzoites. Multiplication rates of this parasite were studied after 1, 24 and 48 h of infection but there were not significant differences between the number of parasites found inside of macrophages coming, either from T. lewisi infected or non infected rats. On the other hand, in vivo studies of Toxoplasma multiplication inside peritoneal macrophages, showed that there is an increase of parasite number in cells from T. lewisi infected rats, as compared with those macrophages from non infected rats. This effect was statistically significant and was more evident after four days of infection. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that in vivo, but not in vitro T. lewisi infections, causes an important decrease of the natural resistance to T. gondii of the white rats, which is manifested by the major invasion and multiplication of the parasite inside of peritoneal macrophages.

Key words

Toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, inmunosuppression, Wistar white rat. ]]>  
 
White rats may be considered as model for humans because of their natural resistance to Toxoplasma infections (Ruchmand & Fowler 1951, Lainson 1955). To demonstrate that resistance, several studies have been done. For example, 1, 2, 10 or 15 days old rats were inoculated with different number of tachyzoites (RH strain) and it was shown that even young animals (five days) are able to resist 10⁴ organisms (Chinchilla et al. 1981). This natural resistance was reduced in Sprague Dowley rats by cortisone treatment, which indicates that cellular immunity is envolved in such phenomenom (Chinchilla et al. 1985, 1992). In addition, Chinchilla et al. (1982), demonstrated that T. gondii multiplication is lower inside rat peritoneal macrophages than in hamster, mouse or guinea pig phagocytic cells. Rat macrophage activity studied by electron microscopy showed vacuolization and lysis of the parasite after eigth hours of infection. This effect was not observed in macrophages from mice and hamsters (Chinchilla et al. 1986).

Recently, Guerrero et al. (1997) reported for the first time a significant increase of Toxoplasma multiplication in white rats previously infected with T. lewisi trypomastigotes. This effect was present only if the animals were inoculated with the trypanosome four to six days before the T. gondii infection, and it was rat strain dependent but not parasite or inoculum size dependent.

In order to further investigate this property of macrophages (Chinchilla et al. 1982, 1986), a study was performed using, as target cells, peritoneal macrophages from infected and non infected rats with T. lewisi, and then infected with T. gondii. The results of these experiments are reported in this paper.
 
 
Materials and methods

Animals: Wistar o Sprague Dowley rats (100g body weight) were used as source of macrophages and T. lewisi trypomastigotes and NIH mice (20-35g body weight) to obtain T. gondii parasites for experimental infections.

Parasites: Tachyzoites of the well known Toxoplasma RH strain were obtained from the peritoneal exudate taked out with 0.85 % saline solution. The organisms were counted in a Neubauer camera and then adjusted to 10⁶ parasites per ml. ]]> The TL-2 strain of T. lewisi, isolated and maintained in our laboratory, was used in these experiments. Blood trypomastigotes were suspended in 0.85 % saline solution, counted in a Neubauer chamber, and the inocula was adjusted to 10⁶ organisms per ml.

Model for peritoneal macrophages in vitro infection: Peritoneal exudate was obtained using Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum, and then the macrophages were concentrated, counted in a Neubauer chamber and cultured on clean-steril coverslips (Chinchilla et al. 1995). These cells were incubated at 37º C (5% C0₂, 95% 0₂) and 90% relative humidity for 24 h. The macrophages were infected with T. gondii tachyzoites in a 1:1 relation. The cells were incubated again and studied after one, 24 and 48 h of infection; coverslips were Giemsa stained and the number of intracellular parasites per macrophage or per 100 cells was determined. Toxoplasma multiplication rate was calculated dividing the number of parasites found after 24 h infection by the number of organisms observed after 1 h infection (Chinchilla et al. 1995). All this procedure was repeated in macrophages from rats infected with T. lewisi for 1, 2, 3 or 4 d.

Model for peritoneal macrophages in vivo infection: Thirty Wistar rats were separated in 3 groups (10 rats each) according to the next distribution.

    Group 1:         Toxoplasma (10⁶ tachyzoites) inoculated 4 d after the T. lewisi (10⁶ trypomastigotes) infection.

    Group 2:         Only T. gondii (infection control).

    Group 3:         Not inoculated with any parasite (General control)

Starting from the day of the Toxoplasma infection and daily thereafter until 15 d, samples of rat peritoneal exudate were air dried, fixed with methyl alcohol and Giemsa stained. The number of infected macrophages, as well as the number of parasites per macrophage was determined calculating the same parameters used for the in vitro infection. T. gondii multiplication rate was calculated dividing the number of parasites found after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of infection by the number of parasites observed at the previous infection time (Chinchilla et al. 1995).The Systat program for microcomputer (Wilkinson 1990) was used for statistical analysis.
 
 
Results ]]> Statistical analysis showed that there were not differences between the in vitro Toxoplasma multiplication inside of macrophages from rats, previously infected with T. lewisi and those cells coming from non infected animals. Data are shown in Table 1.
 

TABLE 1   Mutiplication rate of T. gondii in white rat peritoneal macrophage cultures.

In vivo studies, counting 100 peritoneal macrophages are presented in Table 2. Statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences between cells from rats infected with both parasites and those cells obtained from animals inoculated only with Toxoplasma. The following parameters showed statistically significant differences: number of infected macrophages, and number of tachyzoites per 100 macrophages.
 
 

In animals inoculated with both parasites, infected macrophages were found starting 24 h after infection following an ascendent multiplication curve, reaching a maximun average (9 organisms) at the fourth day. Then the number of intracellular parasites decreases, disappearing by the sixth day (Fig 1). On the other hand, macrophages from rats inoculated only with Toxoplasma presented, at the second and third day but not later, a 0.2% of infection. Significant statistical differences were demonstrated for groups 1,2,3 for all days (P=0.0), and for the third (P=0.04) or fourth day (P=0.05) of infection. ]]> Tachyzoite multiplication as well as multiplication rates are shown in Table 2. In group 1 intracellular organisms are present already after the first day of infection, but higher numbers are found at the fourth day decreasing at the fifth day. Significant statistical differences (P=0.04 to P=0.05) were shown for the third and fourth day respectively. Cells from group 2 (Toxoplasma infected rats), presented very low number of parasites at the second and third day only.

Number of parasites per infected macrophages, a parameter that indicates the real capacity of intracellular multiplication, showed a similar tendency since a higher number of organisms were present in those cells coming from rats infected with both parasites (P=0.00) specially for 3 or 4 d after infection.
 
 
Discussion

Some studies in animals and humans infected with African trypanosomes have shown immunosuppression phenomenom, but the mechanisms for that are unknown (Bakhiet et al., 1990, Darji et al.1992, Olsson et al. 1991, Greenwood 1974). Trypanosome infections in rodents are specially useful models to study host-parasite relations. Some examples are the works of Albright & Albright (1980) with Trypanosoma musculi.

In recent studies, Guerrero et al. (1997) report the increasing of T. gondii multiplication in white rats because of T. lewisi previous infection, suggesting an immunosuppression effect.

Since Toxoplasma organisms multiply inside of the macrophages, any immune alteration caused by trypanosome infections could affect the parasite multiplication in these phagocytic cells. This supposition was demonstrated for the in vivo model as it is shown in Table 2, because a higher parasite multiplication rate was found for peritoneal macrophages obtained from rats previously inoculated with T. lewisi, as compared with those cells from non infected animals. In vitro studies (Table 1) , on the contrary, showed no differences.

Differents results between the in vivo and the in vitro models can be explained on the basis of macrophages activity. These cells are activated in vivo by several factors (Hiroashi & Morrison 1996, Briend et al. 1995, Zheng et al. 1995, Kuby 1994), and phagocytosis is increased by lymphokines and other factors such as gama interferon (Borges et al. 1975, Anderson et al. 1996). In addition, activated macrophages are more efficient in microorganisms killing, express higher levels of the Histocompatibility Major Complex (class II) and establish a two ways colaborative effect (Kuby 1994).

In our model in vitro, macrophages are cultured in an artificial environment without any humoral or cellular influence, which reduces phagocytosis and effective intracellular multiplication. (Tables 1 and 2). Destruction and multiplication were not separately evaluated. ]]> In summary, after the analysis of the results, it is clear that T. lewisi infections induce a remarkable decrease in natural resistance to T. gondii in the white rats, increasing invasion and multiplication of this parasite inside of the macrophages. However, according to the in vitro studies and previous research (Borges et al. 1975, Anderson et al. 1996), it can be suspected that this is a complex phenomenom where many factors play a role. Identification and characterization of these factors and their relationship with rats peritoneal and alveolar macrophages are in progress.
 

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants # 803-97-262 and #803-97-264 from the University of Costa Rica. We thank J.K. Frenkel for suggestions about this manuscript.
 
 
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1 Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Tres Ríos, 2250. San José Costa Rica. Fax 225-43-84, ciet@cariari.ucr.ac.cr
  ]]> 2 Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Departamento de Parasitología. Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica. 2060 San José, Costa Rica.
Correspondence address: Misael Chinchilla, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, América Central. ]]> 1980 124 2481-2 1976 117 382-387 1990 81 195-199 1975 141 483-496 1995 7 1753-1761 1981 29 273-282 1982 68 952-955 1985 6 113-118 1986 34 83-88 1992 40 135-137 1995 5 83-87 1992 72 ^s1 ^s1 1 27-38 1997 45 877-822 1974 280 1996 64 1011-1015 1994 660 1955 49 384-416 1991 21 2447-2454 1951 76 793-796 1995 24 737-756