<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0001-6002</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Médica Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta méd. costarric]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022023000100003</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51481/amc.v65i1.1247</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[VIH/sida y epigenética]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[HIV/AIDS and epigenetic]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Boza-Cordero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ricardo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidad de Costa Rica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[San José ]]></addr-line>
<country>Costa Rica</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2023</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>65</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>3</fpage>
<lpage>11</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022023000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022023000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022023000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Resumen Desde 1981, el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha afectado a más de 75 millones de personas en el mundo. La prevención, el diagnóstico temprano y, ante todo el empleo de la terapia antirretroviral, ha disminuido su morbimortalidad. Sin embargo, su cura y el desarrollo de una vacuna efectiva aún son objetivos no alcanzables a corto plazo. Una de las barreras para obtener su control es la persistencia crónica de los virus o sus subproductos en los denominados reservorios celulares, lo que induce un proceso inflamatorio crónico complejo que se manifiesta clínicamente como enfermedad cardiovascular, diversos tipos de cáncer, envejecimiento precoz, entre otras patologías. Los procesos intrínsecos que llevan a estos trastornos han estado siendo investigados a profundidad en los últimos años y la epigenética, definida como el estudio de las modificaciones que afectan de manera directa la expresión de los genes, pero sin cambios en la secuencia del ácido desoxirribonuncleico, puede ayudar a desentrañar estos retos. En esta revisión se analizan los mecanismos epigenéticos, como la metilación del ácido desoxirribonuncleico, las modificaciones en histonas y el ácido ribonucleico no codificante, como posibles blancos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la inflamación crónica y sus consecuencias clínicas asociadas al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Since 1981, over 75 million people have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The survival rate of patients with this infection has dramatically increased with the use of antiretroviral therapy, and this therapy significantly reduced the incidence of AIDS defining events. Despite recent progress, neither a cure nor a preventive vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus infection is likely to become available soon. Epigenetics is defined as the study of chemical modifications of intrinsic and extrinsic factors of the genetic code regulating gene expression. Three types of epigenetic markers have been found: DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and non-coding RNA (ncRNA). In this review, we analyzed recent research about the relation between epigenetic mechanisms, the persistence of HIV in host cells, the chronic inflammatory response evoked, the cardiovascular diseases associated and premature aging in this population.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[VIH]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[sida]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[epigenética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[genes.]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[HIV]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[AIDS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[epigenetics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[genes]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<label>1</label><nlm-citation citation-type="">
<source><![CDATA[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Geneva ]]></publisher-loc>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<label>2</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deeks]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Havlir]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DV]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<volume>382</volume>
<page-range>1525-33</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<label>3</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zicari]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sessa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cotugno]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rugiero]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marrocchi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Concato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Immune activation, inflammation, and non-AIDS comorbidities in HIV-infected patients under long-term ART.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Viruses]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<label>4</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hokelle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sharma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AL]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tyagi]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Combinational use of both epigenetic and non-epigenetic mechanisms to efficiently reactivate HIV latency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int J Mol Sci]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<page-range>3697</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<label>5</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peixoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cartron]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[PF]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Serandour]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hervouet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[From 1957 to nowadays: a brief history of epigenetics.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Int. J. Mol. Sci.]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>2-18</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<label>6</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ganesan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetics: the first 25 centuries. Phil Trans]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[R Soc B.]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>373</volume>
<page-range>1-4.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<label>7</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Grunau]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Le Luyer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Laporte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Joly]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The epigenetics dilemma.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Genes]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1-3.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Allis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CD]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Jenuwein]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The molecular hallmark of epigenetic control.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Nature Rev Genetics]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>17</volume>
<page-range>487-500</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<label>9</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lange]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[UC]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verdikt]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Amina]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Van Lint]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetic crosstalk in chronic infection with HIV]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sem Immunopathol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>187-200</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10.</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Browne]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Godino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Salery]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nestler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EC.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetic mechanisms of opioid addiction.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Biol Psychiatry]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>87</volume>
<page-range>22-33.</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Fischer]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Infection-induced epigenetic changes and their impact on the pathogenesis of diseases.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Sem Immunopath]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>42</volume>
<page-range>127-30</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svensson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Targeting epigenetics to cure HIV- 1: Lessons from (and for) cancer treatment]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>11</volume>
<page-range>1-8</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Milavetz]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[BI]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Balakrishnan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Viral epigenetics.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Methods Mol Biol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1238</volume>
<page-range>569-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ahlenstiel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CH]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Symonds]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kent]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kelleher]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AD]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Block and lock HIV cure strategies to control the latent reservoir.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Cel Infect Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1-13</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zerbato]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Purves]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[HV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rasmussen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Between a shock and a hard place: challenges and developments in HIV latency reversal]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Opin Virol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lewin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rasmussen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Kick and kill for HIV latency.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>395</volume>
<page-range>844-6</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chougui G]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margottin-Goguet]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[F. HUSH, a link between intrinsic immunity and HIV latency]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Front Microbiol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>10</volume>
<page-range>1-17</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crumpacker]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CS.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Toward a cure: does host immunity play a role?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[mSphere]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>2</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Yarchoan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Uldrick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HIV-Associated cancers and related diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[N Engl J Med]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>378</volume>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Y]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ideta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hirata]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hatano]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tomita]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Okada]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Virus-driven carcinogenesis.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cancer]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>13</volume>
<page-range>2625</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Verma]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetic regulation of HIV, AIDS, and AIDS-related malignancies.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Met Mol Biol]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>1238</volume>
<page-range>381-403</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Park]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[LS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tate]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JP]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sigel]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brown]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ST]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Crothers]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gibert]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Association of viral suppression with lower AIDS-defining and Non-AIDS-Defining cancer incidence in HIV-Infected veterans. A prospective cohort study]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Ann Intern Med]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>87-96</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Shah]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[ASV]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Stelzle]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lee]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KK]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circulation]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>138</volume>
<page-range>1100-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zhang]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Song]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Qu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Liu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GH.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetic modifications in cardiovascular aging and diseases]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Circ Res]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<volume>123</volume>
<page-range>773-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ebner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Chueng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martinez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[CA]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetics, HIV, and cardiovascular disease risk]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Curr Probl Cardiol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>46</volume>
<page-range>1-9</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eckard]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AR]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Eric]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Meissner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EG]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Singh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[McComsey]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[GA.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cardiovascular Disease, Statins, and HIV]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J Infect Dis.]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>214</volume>
<page-range>83-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erlandson]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[KM]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Maile]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[YK.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HIV and Aging: Reconsidering the approach to management of co-morbidities]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Infect Dis Clin North Am]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<page-range>769-86</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodes]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cadiñanos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Cantos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[AE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rodríguez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ramon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JR.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ageing and HIV: Challenges and Biomarkers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[EBioMedicine]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>77</volume>
<page-range>10389</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Brunet]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Berger]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SL]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Epigenetics of aging and agingrelated disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[C J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>69</volume>
<page-range>17-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sundermann]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EE]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Hussain]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Moore]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DJ]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horvath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DTS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Erin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[EMS]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Inflammation-related genes are associated with epigenetic aging in HIV]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[J NeuroVirol]]></source>
<year>2019</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<page-range>853-65</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<label>31</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lagathu]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bereziat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nasie]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Capea]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pinti]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Basic science and pathogenesis of ageing with HIV: potential mechanisms and biomarkers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[AIDS]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<page-range>105-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<label>32</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Leng]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[SX]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Margolick]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JB.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Aging, sex, inflammation, frailty, and CMV and HIV Infections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Cell Immunol]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>348</volume>
<page-range>1-12</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<label>33</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horvath]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Lin]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kobor]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[MS]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Zoller]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Said]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[JW]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morgello]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[HIV, pathology and epigenetic age acceleration in different human tissues]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[GeroScience]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<page-range>1609-20</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<label>34</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLoch]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[John]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smith]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Rasmussen]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[TA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Wrigth]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Managing HIV-associated inflammation and ageing in the era of modern ART]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[HIV Med]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<page-range>2-16</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<label>35</label><nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kiplagat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tran]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[DA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Njuguna]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vedanthan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Triant]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[VA]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Vedathan]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[How health systems can adapt to a population ageing with HIV and comorbid disease]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Lancet HIV]]></source>
<year>2022</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<page-range>281-92</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
