<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0001-6002</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Acta Médica Costarricense]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Acta méd. costarric]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0001-6002</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0001-60022013000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es"><![CDATA[Revisión sistemática de indicadores de desempeño hospitalario]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Systematic review of hospital performance assessment indicators]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Morera-Salas]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Melvin]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>55</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>70</fpage>
<lpage>78</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0001-60022013000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0001-60022013000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0001-60022013000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="es"><p><![CDATA[Antecedentes: el objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar indicadores de gestión hospitalaria con suficiente evidencia científica para que sean susceptibles de ser aplicados al grupo de hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. Métodos: se identificaron los estudios relevantes publicados entre el 1° de marzo de 2000 y el 30 de setiembre de 2011 mediante una búsqueda en MEDLINE. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: &#8220;hospital performance indicators&#8221;, &#8220;hospital inpatient quality indicators&#8221;, &#8220;hospital-performance y top 100 hospitals&#8221;. Resultados: de los 994 artículos identificados, 56 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión: 5% mide el impacto de las estrategias de calidad en los resultados finales del hospital, 13% son revisiones sistemáticas sobre indicadores de desempeño hospitalario, 22% describe el marco conceptual y los indicadores de proyectos de calidad y 60% incluye temas metodológicos varios sobre indicadores de gestión. Se identificaron 23 agencias que miden el desempeño hospitalario. Asociados a estas agencias existen 383 indicadores. El 51% de estos indicadores son de seguridad al paciente, 29% de efectividad y 10% relacionadas con la oportunidad y la atención centrada en el paciente. Conclusión: existen un amplio grupo de indicadores de desempeño hospitalario que son susceptibles de ser aplicados en el sistema hospitalario público de Costa Rica. Para lograr su implementación se deben cumplir con una serie de requisitos: revisión del marco de calidad existente actualmente, definición de las medidas, recopilación de datos, análisis e interpretación apropiados y las actuaciones sobre los resultados.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Background: The objective of this study is to undertake a systematic review of the international scientific literature to identify hospital performance indicators which have the potential to be implemented in the Costa Rican public hospital system. Methods: A literature review was undertaken using MEDLINE to identify relevant studies published between March 1, 2000 and September 30, 2011. The following search terms were used: &#8220;hospital performance indicators&#8221;, &#8220;hospital inpatient quality indicators&#8221;, &#8220;hospital performance and top 100 hospitals&#8221;. Afiliación del autor: Dirección Compra de Servicios de Salud, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social *<img width=9 height=7 src="images/art02v55n2_img_1.jpg">mmoreras@ccss.sa.cr Results: From 994 potentially relevant articles, 56 met the inclusion criteria: 5% measure the impact of quality-strategies on hospital final outputs, 13% are systematic reviews about hospital performance indicators, 22% describe the conceptual framework and the indicators for quality projects and 60% include various methodological topics about hospital performance indicators. We identified 23 agencies that measure hospital performance. There are 383 indicators related to these agencies: 51% are indicators on patient safety, 29% on efficiency and 10% are related to the timeliness and patient-centered care. Conclusion: There is large number of available hospital performance indicators that could be applied in the Costa Rican public hospital system. In order to be successfully implemented, they must meet certain requirements: review of the current quality framework, definition of the measures, data collection, adequate analysis and interpretation and action upon the results.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Calidad de la Atención de Salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Indicadores de Calidad de la Atención de Salud]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="es"><![CDATA[Garantía de la Calidad de Atención de Salud (FUENTE: DeCS).]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Quality of healthcare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quality of healthcare indicators]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[quality assurance in healthcare. (source: MESH).]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <div class="Section1">     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;" align="right"><b  style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Revisi&#243;n<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b  style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b  style=""><span style="font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Systematic review of hospital performance assessment indicators<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Melvin Morera-Salas<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <div>     <div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></b></p> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Resumen <o:p></o:p></span></b> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Antecedentes: </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">el objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de la literatura para identificar indicadores de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria con suficiente evidencia cient&#237;fica para que sean susceptibles de ser aplicados al grupo de hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">M&#233;todos</span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">: se identificaron los estudios relevantes publicados entre el 1&#176; de marzo de 2000 y el 30 de setiembre de 2011 mediante una b&#250;squeda en MEDLINE. Se utilizaron los siguientes descriptores: &#8220;hospital performance <span class="SpellE">indicators</span>&#8221;, &#8220;hospital <span class="SpellE">inpatient</span> <span class="SpellE">quality</span> <span class="SpellE">indicators</span>&#8221;, &#8220;hospital-performance y <span  class="SpellE">top</span> 100 <span class="SpellE">hospitals</span>&#8221;. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Resultados</span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">: de los 994 art&#237;culos identificados, 56 cumplieron los criterios de inclusi&#243;n: 5% mide el impacto de las estrategias de calidad en los resultados finales del hospital, 13% son revisiones sistem&#225;ticas sobre indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario, 22% describe el marco conceptual y los indicadores de proyectos de calidad y 60% incluye temas metodol&#243;gicos varios sobre indicadores de gesti&#243;n. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se identificaron 23 agencias que miden el desempe&#241;o hospitalario. Asociados a estas agencias existen 383 indicadores. El 51% de estos indicadores son de seguridad al paciente, 29% de efectividad y 10% relacionadas con la oportunidad y la atenci&#243;n centrada en el paciente. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Conclusi&#243;n: </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">existen un amplio grupo de indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario que son susceptibles de ser aplicados en el sistema hospitalario p&#250;blico de Costa Rica. Para lograr su implementaci&#243;n se deben cumplir con una serie de requisitos: revisi&#243;n del marco de calidad existente actualmente, definici&#243;n de las medidas, recopilaci&#243;n de datos, an&#225;lisis e interpretaci&#243;n apropiados y las actuaciones sobre los resultados. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Descriptores: </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Calidad de la Atenci&#243;n de Salud, Indicadores de Calidad de la Atenci&#243;n de Salud, Garant&#237;a de la Calidad de Atenci&#243;n de Salud (FUENTE: <span  class="SpellE">DeCS</span>). <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Abstract <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Background: </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"  lang="EN-US">The objective of this study is to undertake a systematic review of the international scientific literature to identify hospital performance indicators which have the potential to be implemented in the Costa Rican public hospital system. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Methods: </span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">A literature review was undertaken using MEDLINE to identify relevant studies published between March 1, 2000 and September 30, 2011. The following search terms were used: &#8220;hospital performance indicators&#8221;, &#8220;hospital inpatient quality indicators&#8221;, &#8220;hospital performance and top 100 hospitals&#8221;. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Afiliaci&#243;n del autor: </span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Direcci&#243;n Compra de Servicios de Salud, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social </span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">*</span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><img id="_x0000_i1025"  src="images/art02v55n2_img_1.jpg" height="7" width="9"><span  class="SpellE">mmoreras@ccss.sa.cr</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Results: </span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">From 994 potentially relevant articles, 56 met the inclusion criteria: 5% measure the impact of quality-strategies on hospital final outputs, 13% are systematic reviews about hospital performance indicators, 22% describe the conceptual framework and the indicators for quality projects and 60% include various methodological topics about hospital performance indicators. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">We identified 23 agencies that measure hospital performance. There are 383 indicators related to these agencies: 51% are indicators on patient safety, 29% on efficiency and 10% are related to the timeliness and patient-centered care. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"  lang="EN-US">There is large number of available hospital performance indicators that could be applied in the Costa Rican public hospital system. In order to be successfully implemented, they must meet certain requirements: review of the current quality framework, definition of the measures, data collection, adequate analysis and interpretation and action upon the results. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Key words: </span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"  lang="EN-US">Quality of healthcare, quality of healthcare indicators, quality assurance in healthcare. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">(<span  class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">source</span></span>: MESH). <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></p> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     <div style="text-align: justify;"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La calidad de la atenci&#243;n hospitalaria ha tenido un r&#225;pido crecimiento en los &#250;ltimos a&#241;os. Este campo de investigaci&#243;n surge como un tema innovador hace aproximadamente 15 a&#241;os y actualmente hay muchos proyectos de este tipo funcionando en todo el mundo. Este proceso se ha visto influenciado en parte porque varias iniciativas est&#225;n siendo apoyadas por organizaciones internacionales como la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la Organizaci&#243;n para la Cooperaci&#243;n y el Desarrollo Econ&#243;micos (OCDE). <o:p></o:p></span> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Otro factor que ha influido en el desarrollo de indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario es la demanda de informes de evaluaci&#243;n de resultados asociados a la rendici&#243;n de cuentas de muchos sistemas de salud. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">El gran n&#250;mero de publicaciones existentes en el campo de la gesti&#243;n hospitalaria, dificulta que los profesionales encargados de la evaluaci&#243;n y gesti&#243;n de servicios de salud se mantengan adecuadamente informados. Por este motivo, las revisiones sistem&#225;ticas de la literatura cient&#237;fica se han vuelto herramientas esenciales para estar adecuadamente informados y facilitar el proceso de toma de decisiones informadas. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica es una forma de investigaci&#243;n que proporciona un resumen de los estudios existentes sobre un determinado tema, utilizando para ello m&#233;todos expl&#237;citos y sistem&#225;ticos de identificaci&#243;n, evaluaci&#243;n cr&#237;tica y s&#237;ntesis de la literatura cient&#237;fica.<sup><a>1</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Dado que las revisiones sistem&#225;ticas son un ejercicio cient&#237;fico, e influye en las decisiones que afecta a la gesti&#243;n y administraci&#243;n de los cuidados en salud, debe ser tan rigurosa como cualquier otra investigaci&#243;n.<sup><a>2</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La calidad de una revisi&#243;n y por ende su valor, depende de si utiliza m&#233;todos de revisi&#243;n cient&#237;ficos para minimizar el riesgo de error y los sesgos. <sup><a href="#3">3,4</a> </sup>Lo que diferencia a las revisiones sistem&#225;ticas de las revisiones tradicionales de la literatura es el uso de estos m&#233;todos expl&#237;citos y rigurosos. En este sentido las revisiones sistem&#225;ticas utilizan m&#233;todos formales y objetivos para seleccionar e interpretar los estudios y por ente, se evita el sesgo en los resultados y las conclusiones. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Una parte fundamental de toda revisi&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica consiste en localizar las investigaciones realizadas sobre el tema de inter&#233;s. El objetivo del proceso de revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica es la evaluaci&#243;n de la validez de todos los estudios identificados en la b&#250;squeda. La raz&#243;n por la que se realiza esta valoraci&#243;n es que, al excluir los estudios de menor calidad, se reduce tanto el riesgo de error como los sesgos introducidos en los resultados de la revisi&#243;n.<sup><a>5</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica en <span  class="SpellE">MedLine</span> para identificar indicadores de desempe&#241;o o gesti&#243;n hospitalaria con suficiente evidencia cient&#237;fica para ser aplicados en los hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div>     <div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">M&#233;todos <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Bases de datos a estudiar <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se efectu&#243; una b&#250;squeda en MEDLINE desde el 1&#176; de marzo de 2000 hasta el 30 de setiembre de 2011. Tambi&#233;n se realiz&#243; una b&#250;squeda en citas bibliogr&#225;ficas y las listas de referencia de todos los art&#237;culos encontrados sobre el tema de inter&#233;s, para aumentar la posibilidad de identificar todos los estudios relevantes, las cuales se identificaron mediante el motor de b&#250;squeda Google acad&#233;mico. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Estrategia de b&#250;squeda <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se utilizaron los siguientes t&#233;rminos de b&#250;squeda: hospital performance <span class="SpellE">indicators</span>, hospital <span  class="SpellE">inpatient</span> <span class="SpellE">quality</span> <span class="SpellE">indicators</span>, hospital-performance y <span class="SpellE">top</span> 100 <span  class="SpellE">hospitals</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La b&#250;squeda se hace por t&#237;tulo, resumen o palabras clave. Para el filtro tambi&#233;n se program&#243; para que se contabilizaran s&#243;lo los art&#237;culos que tengan acceso libre con lo que se puedan revisar detalles metodol&#243;gicos del c&#225;lculo de los indicadores. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Finalmente, los estudios duplicados dentro o entre grupo de palabras clave fueron eliminados. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Criterios de inclusi&#243;n <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>     <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n est&#225;n basados en la pregunta de revisi&#243;n &#8220;&#191;Cu&#225;les estudios cuentan con una descripci&#243;n metodol&#243;gica sobre el c&#225;lculo de indicadores de desempe&#241;o o gesti&#243;n hospitalaria?&#8221;. Este criterio de inclusi&#243;n permitir&#225; reflejar expl&#237;citamente el enfoque, la naturaleza y los l&#237;mites de la revisi&#243;n. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Tambi&#233;n se incluye como el criterio de selecci&#243;n adicional que deben ser estudios que se realizan para medir el desempe&#241;o hospitalario. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se revisaron de forma independiente los art&#237;culos y se comprob&#243; el cumplimiento de los criterios de inclusi&#243;n. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Extracci&#243;n de datos y evaluaci&#243;n de la calidad </span></i><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se evalu&#243; independientemente la calidad metodol&#243;gica de los estudios y se realiz&#243; una extracci&#243;n de datos (indicadores de desempe&#241;o y forma de c&#225;lculo), utilizando una hoja de recogida de datos dise&#241;ada previamente. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Resultados <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Como resultado de la b&#250;squeda se identificaron 994 estudios. De estos 850 fueron excluidos tras la revisi&#243;n del t&#237;tulo y el resumen, pues no hac&#237;an referencia a indicadores de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria. Treinta y seis nuevos art&#237;culos fueron obtenidos tras la revisi&#243;n de las referencias bibliogr&#225;ficas de los estudios. A 144 art&#237;culos se les revis&#243; la metodolog&#237;a y resultados, de los cuales se descartaron 124 por no incluir la ficha t&#233;cnica de los indicadores. Finalmente 56 estudios se revisaron y se clasificaron para estudiar en detalle el marco metodol&#243;gico y las fichas t&#233;cnicas de los indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">De los 56 art&#237;culos revisados un 39% est&#225; basado en la aplicaci&#243;n de algunos indicadores a entornos espec&#237;ficos, principalmente a hospitales de Estados Unidos, Europa y Australia. <sup><a href="#6">6-27</a> </sup>Un 22% de las investigaciones se refieren al detalle del marco te&#243;rico o los indicadores de las principales agencias de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria ,<sup><a  href="#28">28-39</a> </sup>un 21% son aplicaciones metodol&#243;gicas de ajustes por riesgo y an&#225;lisis de indicadores espec&#237;ficos.<a href="#40"><sup>40-50 </sup></a>El 13% corresponden a revisiones sistem&#225;ticas de la literatura y de &#233;stos tres est&#225;n basados en una revisi&#243;n detallada de art&#237;culos pertenecientes a agencias de evaluaci&#243;n del desempe&#241;o hospitalario.<sup><a href="#51">51-57</a> </sup>El restante 5% se relaciona la asociaci&#243;n entre la aplicaci&#243;n de las estrategias de mejora de la calidad en los hospitales y el &#233;xito de los hospitales en el cumplimiento de los requisitos de calidad definidos que se consideran productos intermedios del proceso de atenci&#243;n.<sup><a>58-60</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Agencias de evoluci&#243;n del desempe&#241;o hospitalario </span></i><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<div style="text-align: justify;"> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se analizaron en detalle dos de los art&#237;culos de revisiones sistem&#225;ticas que estudian los indicadores implementados por las agencias de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria. Se identifica 23 organizaciones <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">o</span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> agencias de evaluaci&#243;n de desempe&#241;o hospitalario en Estados Unidos, Canad&#225;, Inglaterra, Australia, varios pa&#237;ses europeos y pa&#237;ses asociados a la OCDE.<sup> <a href="#53">53</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">En el <a href="/img/revistas/amc/v55n2/art02t1.JPG">cuadro 1</a>, se incluye el nombre de las principales Agencias, su pa&#237;s de origen, el n&#250;mero de indicadores que componen cada lista y la direcci&#243;n <span class="SpellE">web</span> donde se pueden ver los detalles tanto de la lista de los indicadores de desempe&#241;o como el marco te&#243;rico que les da sustento. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Marco te&#243;rico para el desarrollo indicadores hospitalarios seg&#250;n agencia de evaluaci&#243;n internacionales <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Los primeros indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario utilizaban como marco conceptual la taxonom&#237;a dada por <span class="SpellE">Donabedian</span>, <sup><a  href="#51">51</a> </sup>quien clasifica las medidas si est&#225;n relacionadas con la estructura, proceso o el resultado. Actualmente las principales agencias de evaluaci&#243;n han desarrollo un marco de calidad que sustenta sus indicadores. En el <a href="/img/revistas/amc/v55n2/art02t2.JPG">cuadro 2</a>, se muestra el detalle de las dimensiones para un grupo seleccionado de agencias de evaluaci&#243;n de desempe&#241;o hospitalario, donde se destacan los t&#243;picos de accesibilidad, eficacia, eficiencia, equidad, atenci&#243;n centrada en el paciente y seguridad. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <div>     <div>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Tipo de indicadores de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria seg&#250;n agencias de evaluaci&#243;n internacionales <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Las agencias de evaluaci&#243;n del desempe&#241;o hospitalario poseen 383 indicadores de los cuales muchos son comunes entre ellas. Agrupando los indicadores se tiene que 104 son generales, 100 son quir&#250;rgicos y 179 del &#225;rea no quir&#250;rgica. Un 39% de los indicadores son de resultados, 7% de estructura y 54% de proceso.<sup><a>53</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Si se utiliza para su clasificaci&#243;n el marco conceptual de la Herramienta de Evaluaci&#243;n de Desempe&#241;o para el Mejoramiento de la Calidad en Hospitales de la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud (PATH por sus siglas en ingl&#233;s) se observa que 51% de los indicadores est&#225;n relacionados con la dimensi&#243;n de seguridad (paciente, trabajadores y al ambiente), un 29% se clasifican en la dimensi&#243;n de efectividad, 10% para cada una de las dimensiones relacionadas con la oportunidad y la atenci&#243;n centrada en el paciente.<sup><a>53</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">A nivel pa&#237;ses de habla hispana el m&#225;s destacado grupo de indicadores es el realizado por la empresa espa&#241;ola <span class="SpellE">Iasist</span> y que se denomina &#8220;<span class="SpellE">Top</span> 20 Hospitales&#8221;. La muestra incluye hospitales p&#250;blicos y privados que voluntariamente participan aportando la informaci&#243;n de base para su c&#225;lculo. El &#237;ndice est&#225; compuesto por ocho indicadores recogidos en las dimensiones de calidad, adecuaci&#243;n de la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica y eficiencia<a href="#38"><sup>38</sup></a>. En el <a  href="/img/revistas/amc/v55n2/art02t3.JPG">cuadro 3</a>, se <span  class="SpellE">muestraelt&#237;tulodelosindicadoresdecadaunadeestasdimensiones</span>. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Adicionalmente estos y otros indicadores se aplican para un grupo de especialidad m&#233;dicas: sistema nervioso, &#225;rea de respiratorio, coraz&#243;n, cirug&#237;a digestiva, traumatolog&#237;a y ortopedia y &#225;rea de la mujer.<sup> <a href="#38">38</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </div> </div>     <div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;">Discusi&#243;n <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Con la revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica de la literatura cient&#237;fica se identificaron 56 estudios que cumplieron los criterios de inclusi&#243;n los cuales se revisaron y se clasificaron, para estudiar en detalle el marco metodol&#243;gico y las fichas t&#233;cnicas de los indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalario. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Tras la revisi&#243;n de los estudios se identifican 20 agencias nacionales y tres internacionales que implementan indicadores de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria. La revisi&#243;n detallada de los grupos de indicadores de las principales agencias da cuenta de 383 indicadores, de los cuales muchos son comunes entre ellas. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Dentro de las principales limitaciones de la utilizaci&#243;n de sistemas de indicadores para la evaluaci&#243;n de la gesti&#243;n hospitalaria est&#225;n: sobre interpretaci&#243;n de algunos indicadores que puede llevar a juicios sobre la calidad subyacente de la atenci&#243;n; riesgo a la estigmatizaci&#243;n a una instituci&#243;n y provocar enormes tensiones y desviar la atenci&#243;n hacia una mejora superficial v&#237;a manipulaci&#243;n del sistema; los datos comparativos de resultados pueden ser utilizados por agentes externos para hacer juicios sobre la calidad de la atenci&#243;n hospitalaria; los indicadores de gesti&#243;n tienen menor sensibilidad para identificar problemas de calidad de la atenci&#243;n en las unidades de atenci&#243;n de agudos respecto de las quir&#250;rgicas de alto riesgo. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Un tema para investigaciones futuras es la revisi&#243;n detallada de los marcos te&#243;ricos de las principales agencias de evaluaci&#243;n y compararlas con la del Compromiso de Gesti&#243;n de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social (CCSS) actual y ver la conveniencia de posibles modificaciones. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Otra l&#237;nea de investigaci&#243;n que se recomienda es analizar los indicadores de las principales agencias, as&#237; como los requerimientos de informaci&#243;n y organizaci&#243;n para su implementaci&#243;n en hospitales de la CCSS. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Se recomienda efectuar las investigaciones necesarias para ajustar ciertos indicadores de acuerdo a las condiciones del paciente (complejidad y <span  class="SpellE">comorbilidad</span><span class="GramE">)<a href="#42"><sup>42</sup></a></span><sup><a  href="#42">-44</a> </sup>y caracter&#237;sticas de los hospitales, de tal forma que permitan ser utilizados en comparaciones en el espacio y el tiempo y dentro y entre hospitales o servicios hospitalarios. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Otro tema que se deber&#237;a considerar para investigaciones futuras es analizar si la implementaci&#243;n de un sistema de indicadores de gesti&#243;n, tipo Compromisos de Gesti&#243;n, est&#225; relacionada con un aumento en la calidad de la atenci&#243;n. La conclusi&#243;n b&#225;sica de las investigaciones es que no es suficiente con aplicar un sistema de indicadores y evaluarlos, hay que hacer devoluciones de resultados e implementar otras estrategias de educaci&#243;n a los hospitales.<sup><a href="#57">57</a>, <a  href="#60">60</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Los resultados de algunos estudios indican que la aplicaci&#243;n de estrategias internas y externas de mejora de la calidad en los hospitales tiene efectos beneficiosos en los productos estudiados del hospital.<sup><a href="#57">57</a>, <a href="#59">59</a> </sup>Un estudio realizado para pa&#237;ses de la Uni&#243;n Europea demostr&#243; asociaciones positivas seis estrategias internas de mejora de la calidad y resultados intermedios del hospital, explicando aproximadamente la mitad de su variaci&#243;n.<sup> <a href="#14">14</a> </sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Como conclusi&#243;n se tiene que no obstante las limitaciones mencionadas anteriormente, los datos de resultados de evaluaci&#243;n de indicadores de desempe&#241;o son &#250;tiles para investigaciones de tendencias y monitoreo dentro de un hospital. <sup><a href="#61">61</a> </sup>En este sentido la OMS recomienda utilizar los indicadores de desempe&#241;o para: <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">a. Dar orientaciones para la acci&#243;n de los directores y profesionales en general de los hospitales. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">b. Contribuir a la mejora de los sistemas de informaci&#243;n y la calidad de los datos. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">c. Reforzar la credibilidad de los resultados de sistemas de medici&#243;n y la confianza de los hospitales en los datos que necesitan para evaluar. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">d. Promover la rendici&#243;n de cuentas. <a  href="/img/revistas/amc/v55n2/art02i1.JPG">Figura 1</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">La futura implementaci&#243;n de un grupo de indicadores de desempe&#241;o hospitalaria debe poseer un rigor cient&#237;fico, empezando por el desarrollo de un marco de calidad, seguido por cuatro etapas posteriores para su aplicaci&#243;n: definici&#243;n de las medidas; recopilaci&#243;n de datos; an&#225;lisis e interpretaci&#243;n apropiados de resultados; actuaciones sobre los resultados. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Es importante mencionar tambi&#233;n, que los informes de gesti&#243;n hospitalaria deben ser emitidos y publicados por cada hospital de una manera uniforme, de modo que permita la comparaci&#243;n entre centros y sea un punto de partida para que los interesados puedan comenzar a hacer preguntas en cuanto a la gesti&#243;n y la eficiencia. <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Conflicto de inter&#233;s: </span></b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">no existe conflicto de inter&#233;s. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div>     <div>     <div>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"></span></b></p> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><b style=""><span  style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Referencias <o:p></o:p></span></b> </div>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="1"></a>1. <span class="SpellE">Pai</span> M, McCulloch M, Gorman JD, <span class="SpellE">Pai</span> N, <span class="SpellE">Enanoria</span> W, Kennedy G <i>et al</i>. 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Centro Colaborador Espa&#241;ol del Instituto <span class="SpellE">Joanna</span> <span  class="SpellE">Brigss</span> <span class="SpellE">Institute</span> para los Cuidados de Salud Basados en la Evidencia. </span><span class="SpellE"><span  class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"  lang="EN-US">Introduc</span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">ci&#243;n</span></span></span><span  class="GramE"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> a las revisiones sistem&#225;ticas.</span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> Reproducido del Best <span  class="SpellE">Practice</span> 2001<span class="GramE">;Sup1:1</span>-6.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=059230&pid=S0001-6002201300020000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><a name="4"></a>4. <span  class="SpellE">The</span> <span class="SpellE">Cochrane</span> <span class="SpellE">Collaboration</span>. </span><span class="GramE"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">The Cochrane Manual Issue 1, 2007.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=059232&pid=S0001-6002201300020000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --></span></span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a name="5"></a>5. <span class="SpellE">Valoraci&#243;n</span> de <span class="SpellE">las</span> <span class="SpellE">revisiones</span> <span class="SpellE">sistem&#225;ticas</span>. 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Using indicators to quantify the potential to improve the quality of health care. <span class="SpellE">Int</span> J <span class="SpellE">Qual</span> Health Care 2004; 16: i37&#8211;43.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=059346&pid=S0001-6002201300020000200060&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <!-- ref --><p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US"><a  name="61"></a>61. <span class="SpellE">Lilford</span> R, Mohammed MA, <span class="SpellE">Spiegelhalter</span> D, <span class="GramE">Thomson</span> R: Use and misuse of process and outcome data in managing performance of acute medical care: avoiding institutional stigma. </span><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Lancet 2004, 363:1147-54.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=059348&pid=S0001-6002201300020000200061&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> <o:p></o:p></span></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"><span  style="font-weight: bold;">Afiliaci&#243;n del autor:</span> Direcci&#243;n Compra de Servicios de Salud, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social mmoreras@ccss.sa.cr</span><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">    <br> </span></b></p>     <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"></span></b></p> <hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">     <div style="text-align: center;"><b><span  style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;">Fecha recibido:</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Verdana;"> 17 de diciembre de 2012 <b>Fecha aceptado:</b> 07 de febrero de 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>      ]]></body><back>
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