Revista de Biología Tropical
versión On-line ISSN 0034-7744versión impresa ISSN 0034-7744
Rev. biol. trop vol.48 no.1 San José mar. 2000
Fusarium equiseti) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in Adamawa in Nigeria
I. B.Chimbekujwo. 1
Cotton fungi were surveyed in Ngurore, Adamawa, Nigeria in 1992 and 1993 by counting the number of isolates in each 100 infested plants per plot. Approximately 90% of the isolated fungi were Fusariumsolani and Fusarium equiseti, both pathogenic; F. solani isolates were more virulent and frequent than F. equiseti. The high frequency and virulence of both fungi make them important pathogens of cotton in the area.
Key words
Cotton, Fungi, Fusarium, Gossypium, ecology.
Upland cotton (Gossypium. hirsutum L.) is an important cash crop and food in the world (Prentice 1972). Seedling disease in cotton is a worldwide problem, particularly the wilt and root rot disease causing loss to farmers (Hillocks 1992). The most common fungi associated with cotton disease are Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum gossippi, Rhizopus spp., Thielavispsisbasicola and Pythium (King and Presley 1942; Roy and Bourland 1982; Johnson et al. 1978, Mauk and Hine 1988 and Hillocks 1992).
Materials and Methods
Disease survey: Systematic disease surveys were conducted in the cotton growing plots between May and July 1992 and 1993. The number of isolates in each 100 infested plants from two plots were counted and expressed in percent (%).
Results
Two fungi isolated were identified to be F. solani (Mart.) Sacc. Teleomorph; Nectria haematococcca and F. equiseti (Corda)Sacc. The two fungal isolates were confirmed by IMI to be the same organisms with the number IMI 368692 and IMI 368693 respectively.
TABLE 1
Prevalence of cotton seedling wilts given in terms of Fusarium isolates (%)
Year | | | ||
Plot N° | | | | |
F. solani | | | | |
F. equiseti | | | | |
Others | | | | |
TABLE 2
Growth characteristics of the two isolates on PDA in five days at 30°C ± 1.
| | |
| Mycelia white. Back of plate yellowish pigments. | Mycelia cottony white. Back plate white. |
| Mycelia spread very fast. Spores produced. Yellow pigmentation increased. Zonation. Hyphae branched and septate | Mycelia grew slowly. Macrospores produced. Violet pigments. Zonation. Hyphae septate |
| Three zonations. Pigmentation increased. Sparse mycelia. | Woolly mycelium. Pink colour increased. |
| Zones increased. Mycelia scanty and withered. Colour pale. Back yellowish. | Radial growth. Zonation not clear. Mycelia yellowish. |
| | | |||
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TABLE 4
The dry weight (g)of mycelia and pH of the two fungi for 30 days incubation grown
in a liquid medium of potato dextrose at 25°C ± 1.
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Discussion
The role of Fusarium spp. as a pathogen of cotton seedlings, and other crops is well known. But Johnson and Doyle (1986) reported that Fusarium spp. were not important pathogens in cotton seedling disease complex, even though Fusarium spp. were the most frequently isolated fungi. The species involved were not identified by them.
The observed morphological and cultural characteristics of F. solani and F. equiseti was the same as that reported by Booth (1971) and Joffe (1986), except that the growth rate differed. The growth rates of F. solani and F. equiseti were 3.2cm and 5.8cm, while the average growth rates observed were 1.3cm and 0.3cm for the two fungi, respectively. The differences in the growth rates may be due to the growth medium and the incubation condition.
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