Methods

An observational, descriptive, prospective study, lasting one year, following all patients discharged from the ICU, with a 6 month enrollment period, from June to November 2014, and another 6 month follow-up period, until May 2015, with three cut points: at ICU discharge, at hospital discharge, and 28 days after. The gathered information included demographic and health condition data, collected at ICU admission and at the described cut points. Patients were interviewed, and in their absence, information was recalled from their caregivers. At the 28-day cut point, phone interviews were performed.

For ICU stay and mortality data, the Unit´s data base was used, and the rest of the information was gathered using a questionnaire written specifically for this study.

The ability to return to work and daily activities was explored establishing four categories: patients who resumed their previous conditions; patients who had only one reintroduction problem, either for self-care, physical mobility or for work; those with two or more problems in these areas, and those incapable of any reintroduction.

Statics analysis was performed with SPSS v.21 software (IBM Corp, USA).

This study was approved by the local bioethics committee, document number CLOBI-10-06-2014.

Results

A total of 120 patients were recruited starting June 2014. Figure 1 summarizes the study enrollment flowchart.

Tables 1 and 2 show the main population characteristics, stay and mortality data, and the main diagnostic groups when admitted to the Unit. Regarding mortality, it is necessary to clarify that it corresponded to a 48 patient general mortality, but adjusted (excluding those patients who died during the first 24 hours after admission) mortality corresponded to 34 patients.

Table 2: Most frequent diagnoses from patients discharged from the Intensive Care Unit, 2014. n=120 patients 

Table 2 shows the main diagnostic groups admitted to the Unit; 85 (71%) patients were entered the ICU from the medical area and 35 (29%) from the surgical area

There was no statistically significant difference between mortality, stay or diagnostic group for the patient´s gender.

Out of those patients who died and were still at the hospital, all of them died because of infectious causes (nosocomial pneumonia); out of discharged patients, one died because of sudden cardiac death, other died during hemodialysis, a third died because of hospital-acquired infectious endocarditis, and the last one did not receive a proven cause of death.

While the average ICU stay was 6.5 days, patients younger than 60 years had an 8-day average stay against 5.4 days in those over 60 years (p 0.001).

Cognitive condition at ICU discharge was adequate in 115 patients (96%); 3 were discharged in a state of confusion (2.5%), and 2 other patients in a vegetative state.

At ICU discharge, 66 patients (55%) were sent to different hospital services, 18 (15%) moved to another health center and 36 (30%) were discharged directly to their homes.

Table 3 presents the data on normal work reintegration, also separated by age, and it is remarkable that the best reintegration was from patients over 60 years (p <0.05).

There were no differences regarding gender either.

For those under 60 years, the lack of return to work was their main negative condition (17 patients), while social reintegration was for those over 60 (6 patients).

Table 3: Total reintroduction capacity by age, from patients discharged from the Intensive Care Unit, 2014. n=120 patients 

Discussion

It is always difficult to compare ICU units from different health centers and countries, as there are big differences between them, regarding the type of patients they receive (medical, surgical, oncological, coronary, mixed, etc), their admission and discharge criteria, complexity level, and demographic and pathological differences for the populations they attend.^2,4,5 However it is important to compare the obtained information to worldwide published literature to look for similarities and differences.

Historically, of all patients admitted to the Hospital´s ICU, 65% are men and 35% women, because of the high and valetudinarian weight that ischemic heart disease has on men, which is also evident in the diagnostic groups where it is the main cause of income. However, in the patients studied, once discharged from the Unit, a very even gender distribution was found, so that no major statistical influence was found for gender on the length of stay, reintegration, or the final health condition. It also means that the most important mortality burden relies on men.

Worldwide literature provides little information on the cause of death of patients after ICU discharge,⁶ but sepsis, especially from a pulmonary focus, and respiratory failure of any origin, appear to be the most frequent causes of “post- ICU “death. In this study, at least for the rest of the hospital stay, these also appear to be the main causes of death. On the other hand, the mortality rate described of 5%, is lower than that reported at other centers, which could be encouraging regarding care received after ICU discharge.^4,6,7

Regarding reintegration, it is clear that after 28 days still nearly half of patients are unable to achieve full or acceptable reintegration to normal activities, which could be linked to convalescence of the disease which forced them to be hospitalized. However, it is a conspicuous fact that patients over 60 years-old had a greater capacity for rehabilitation, and less problems in the different explored areas (self-care, physical and occupational mobility). Similar findings have been described by Jeitziner et al.8 in a recent study, which reported that elder patients who were in a Swiss medicalsurgical intensive care unit, however they had more postdischarge appointments, were less hospitalized or sent to specialized care homes. There seems to be a geriatric paradox, according to which, despite its age and comorbidities, geriatric patients survive better as they pass through intensive care units, although this is not a consistent finding.^4,9

On the other hand, gender, length of stay, and even diagnosis, seem to have little to do with the reintegration ability, a finding that was also reported in an review by

Dowdy et al.9 in 2005, Cognitive status at the moment of discharge from the unit, seems to have a greater role as a reintegration capacity factor, 10 this should be confirmed by a study with a longer follow-up.

In conclusion, patients discharged from the ICU have a low mortality but with also low reintegration into their usual activities, perhaps in relation to their illness convalescence period. The health system appears to be very efficient to safeguard critically ill patients´ lives, although it may need to direct efforts towards patient monitoring in order to improve its recovery.