Resumo

QUESADA-CHAVES, Daniel. Relationship between Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. The need for a management protocol. Rev. costarric. cardiol [online]. 2018, vol.20, n.2, pp.37-43. ISSN 1409-4142.

Relationship between Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. The need for a management protocol

Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease are two of the most prevalent diseases in the world population. Both diseases have high impact on public health. Periodontal disease is defined as a chronic inflammation of the tissues that support the teeth caused by gram-negative bacilli bacteria and spirochetes that are generated in biofilms around the teeth. The prevalence of severe periodontitis ranges from 1% in patients between 20 and 29 years old to 39% in patients older than 65 years. The presence of microorganisms generates a local and systemic inflammatory response. The production of acute phase reactants and proinflammatory mediators increases the risk of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques making them prone to rupture. There is also the possibility of entrance of bacteria into the bloodstream and bacteremias have been linked to the possibility of infective endocarditis. Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with active periodontal disease, independently of other risk factors that share both pathologies. The relative risk varies between different authors and works performed but is close to 19% as demonstrated by Wei-Dong in his meta-analysis.

The effect of periodontitis has been evidenced in other aspects of the clinical spectrum of cardiovascular disease such as the alteration of insulin activity, hepatic glycogenesis and alteration of the intestinal microflora that leads to processes of systemic inflammation and metabolic changes.

For these reasons it is advisable to carry out a comprehensive review of the dental condition of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. In those with active disease data suggest it is appropriate to remove and repair dental pieces. The use of chlorhexidine is advisable as part of the treatment of the periodontal disease as well as the prevention in patients at risk or who will undergo surgical procedures. In special cases antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended to prevent infective endocarditis.

Palavras-chave : periodontal disease; cardiovascular disease; prophylaxis; infective endocarditis; atherosclerosis.

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