Revista Relaciones Internacionales

Hannah Arendt: Reflections on her potential contributions to the International Relations discipline

RESUMEN El propósito del artículo es explorar algunas apreciaciones existentes en la obra de Hannah Arendt que puedan nutrir ciertos debates, tópicos, y corrientes en el contexto de las teorías de Relaciones Internacionales. Al no ser un tópico abordado frecuentemente por la autora, la reconstrucción de su parecer sobre la disciplina será llevada a cabo con base en fragmentos de sus textos relacionados con la temática. También se abordarán aportes de algunos estudios sobre la cuestión, a fin de elucidar con mayor detalle la posición ''arendtiana'' sobre esta área. El propósito final del estudio es encontrar nuevas perspectivas que puedan continuar expandiendo las propuestas teóricas en Relaciones Internacionales desde una postura novedosa, como los es la ''arendtiana''.

ABSTRACT This article aims to explore some ideas present in the work of Hannah Arendt that could be useful to inform debates, issues, and theories of International Relations. As this topic was not frequently tackled by the author, the reconstruction of her thought on the matter will be based on different series of her excerpts. In addition, the opinion of some experts on the topic will be studied to further elucidate her perspective on the discipline. Thus, this article aims to find new approaches to keep expanding the field of International Relations theories with novel contributions, as it is the case of Arendt's ideas.

Trade relations between par aguay and the european union: effects of the gener alized system of preferences plus (1999-2018)

RESUMEN Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los efectos del Sistema Generalizado de Preferencias Plus (SGP+) en las relaciones comerciales entre Paraguay y la UE durante el periodo 1999-2018. La metodología seguida fue la de realizar una investigación bibliográfica-documental, con un enfoque cuantitativo. Los principales resultados indican que, con respecto a otros sistemas generalizados de preferencia, el SGP+ de la UE exhibió buenos resultados para Paraguay. Además, las relaciones comerciales durante la vigencia del sistema en cuestión tuvieron un aumento sustancial, en cuanto al nivel y diversificación de las exportaciones. Asimismo, el coeficiente estimado en el modelo para captar el efecto del SGP+ fue de signo positivo y su magnitud fue la mayor de las variables analizadas en el modelo.

ABSTRACT This research aims to determine the effects of the Generalized System of Preferences Plus (GSP+) in the relations between Paraguay and the European Union (EU) from 1999-2018. The methodology followed was bibliographic-documentary research, with a quantitative approach. The main results indicate that, compared to the generalized preference schemes, the EU GSP + showed excellent results. In addition, trade relations during the validity of the system in question had a substantial increase, in terms of the level and diversification of exports. Likewise, the coefficient estimated in the model to show the effect of SGP+ was positive and its magnitude was the highest of the variables analyzed in the model.

Power and International Relations: The Cooperative Dimensión

Resumen El poder ha sido el motor de las relaciones internacionales, y es el concepto fundamental para su estudio. Las escuelas Realista y Neo - Realista han sido las dominantes en la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales y han entendido al poder de forma exclusivamente conflictual. Por ello, el objetivo de este artículo es analizar conceptual y empíricamente la dimensión cooperativa del poder. En el artículo se afirma que el orden global contemporáneo se distingue por ser uno más plural en agentes y temas, y que para poder comprender esta diversidad se necesita un concepto de poder más amplio, que incluya su dimensión cooperativa.

Abstract Power has been the engine of international relations and is the key concept for its study. The Realist and Neo-Realist schools have been the dominant ones in the discipline of International Relations and have understood the power in an exclusively conflictual way. Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyze the cooperative dimension of power conceptually and empirically. The article states that the contemporary Global Order is distinguished by being more plural in terms of agents and issues. Then, to understand this diversity, a broader concept of power is needed, which includes its cooperative dimension.

Framings Influence on the Governance of Climate Change Adaptation and Risk Management at the Local Level: The cases of Upala in Costa Rica and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque Honduras

Resumen El cambio climático es uno de los principales retos globales del siglo XXI. La agenda internacional ha avanzado desde la aprobación de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. La comunidad internacional ha entendido que la agenda de mitigación no será suficiente para atender la problemática asociada al cambio climático y los últimos instrumentos internacionales han incorporado la adaptación como un tema central en la respuesta a este. Los Estados han venido aprobando contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas en el marco del Acuerdo de París. En estas contribuciones se han establecido, como elementos centrales, la generación de política pública para favorecer la adaptación a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, un reto fundamental de la adaptación es que esta debe ser localmente estudiada y desarrollada, por ende, los instrumentos nacionales e internacionales pueden estimular e impulsar dichos procesos, no obstante, serán las autoridades y actores locales quienes determinarán el avance de estos. Este artículo se centra en analizar la influencia de los actores y sus marcos de referencia en procesos de planificación local y la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático, estudiando los casos de Upala de Alajuela en Costa Rica y San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque en Honduras, con el objetivo de comprender su influencia en el desarrollo de políticas públicas locales que integraron medidas de gestión del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático. Los resultados demuestran que los marcos referenciales de los actores influyen en la forma en que se entiende el riesgo y el cambio climático y en la valoración de las medidas que se incluyeron en el plan local. Así, se evidencia que el uso del estudio comparativo de casos entre diferentes países es una herramienta clave para el abordaje de los fenómenos internacionales. Si bien la adaptación es un proceso liderado desde lo local, su estudio, práctica e instrumentos internacionales que faciliten su avance demandan de procesos de investigación que permitan comparar las diferentes prácticas y problemáticas asociadas. Desde las relaciones internacionales, el estudio de estas prácticas de adaptación de distintos países es una herramienta clave en el análisis de las agendas internacionales de adaptación y respuesta al cambio climático.

Abstract Climate change is one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The international agenda has come a long way since the approval of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The international community has understood that the mitigation agenda will not be enough to address the problems associated with climate change and the latest international instruments have incorporated adaptation as a central issue in the response to it. States have been approving Nationally Determined Contributions within the framework of the Paris Agreement. In these contributions, the generation of public policy to promote adaptation at the national level has been established as a central element. However, a fundamental challenge of adaptation is that it must be studied and developed locally; therefore, national, and international instruments can stimulate and promote these processes. Nevertheless, it will be the local authorities and actors who will determine the progress of these processes. This article focuses on analyzing the influence of actors and their frames of reference in local planning processes and the integration of adaptation to climate change. We studied the cases of Upala, Alajuela in Costa Rica, and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque in Honduras, with the aim of understanding how these frameworks influenced the development of local public policies that integrated risk management and climate change adaptation measures. The results show that the referential frameworks of the actors influence the way in which risk and climate change are understood and the assessment of the measures that were included in the local plan.Thus, using comparative case studies applied to countries is a key tool for analyzing international phenomena. Although adaptation is a locally led process, its study, practice, and instruments that facilitate its progress demand research processes that allow the different practices and associated problems to be compared internationally. From the international relations agenda, the study of these adaptation practices of different countries is a key tool in the analysis of the international agendas for adaptation and response to climate change.

Foreign Policy Analysis In A Changing Context: An Approach

Resumen La política exterior constituye un campo de estudio particular, atrae la atención de numerosas personas académicas y centros de investigación, pues se ubica en el espacio interméstico (se formula en el ámbito interno o doméstico y se implementa en el externo o internacional) y resulta de los aportes disciplinarios de relaciones internacionales, ciencias políticas y administración pública; de esa forma constituye una disciplina puente de la primera disciplina científica. Además, su definición y caracterización es compleja, porque depende de cómo se auto percibe el Estado que la formula e implementa; pero también porque se relaciona con el tipo de actor estatal de que se trata. No es lo mismo una super o gran potencia que un Estado pequeño; y no se puede olvidar que más de tres cuartas partes de los países que conforman el sistema internacional son agentes pequeños. Por eso, desde mediados del siglo XX, el interés de analistas internacionales se ha enfocado en este campo. De igual forma, el análisis de la política exterior, como espacio de investigación, ha mostrado una importante evolución, y ha requerido nuevos enfoques y metodologías. Por otra parte, los cambios en el sistema internacional, en particular el fin de la Guerra Fría y los atentados del denominado 9-11, introdujeron variantes en el abordaje de esta cuestión; sin embargo, fue con la pandemia del SARS-CoV2 y de la guerra en Ucrania que la realidad se ha tornado más compleja y demanda nuevas perspectivas para el análisis de la política exterior, en particular de grandes potencias y Estados pequeños. Teniendo en cuenta esas particularidades, en este artículo se hace una revisión de los principales textos sobre la política exterior, a partir de mediados de la pasada centuria y hasta lo publicado este año. La intención es ofrecer una especie de estado del arte, para quienes les interese incursionar en el análisis de la política exterior, e identificar las principales ideas y enfoques para un posterior trabajo de investigación.

Abstract The foreign policy constitutes a particular field of study, attracting the attention of academics and research centers due to its intermestic nature (formulated in the internal or domestic sphere and implemented in the international or external sphere) and because it results from the contributions of International Relations, Political Science and Public Administration. Thus, it constitutes a bridge discipline of International Relations. In addition, its definition and characterization are complex since depend on how the State that formulates and implements it perceives itself; but also, because it relies on the type of State actor in question. A great power is not the same as a small State; necessary to highlight more than three-quarters of the countries in the international system are small agents. For this reason, since the mid-twentieth century, the interest of international analysts has focused on this field. In the same way, the analysis of foreign policy, as a research space, has shown an important evolution, requiring novel approaches and methodologies. On the other hand, the changes in the international system, particularly the end of the Cold War and the attacks of the so-called 9-11, introduced variants in the approach to this issue. However, it was with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the war in Ukraine that reality has become more complex and demands new perspectives for analyzing foreign policy, especially of great powers and small states. Then, this article reviews the main texts on foreign policy, from the mid-last century and up to what was published this year (2023). The intention is to offer a sort of state-ofthe-art, for those who are interested in dabbling in the analysis of foreign policy and identifying the main ideas and approaches for subsequent research work.

Iran and Venezuela: From peripheral realism to resilient diplomacy (1999-2023)

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo demostrar que Teherán y Caracas han logrado sortear las dinámicas del sistema internacional, y han desarrollado vías alternativas de supervivencia al orden liberal a través de una diplomacia resiliente. La cual, según la evidencia que aportamos, supera la teoría del realismo periférico, no como una mejora epistemológica, sino como hechos empíricos de la política exterior de ambos. Irán y Venezuela han desarrollado dos fases diplomáticas revolucionarias que responden a dos momentos críticos de sus relaciones con el Sistema Internacional Liberal (SIL), una fase rebelde (Chávez-Ahmadineyad) y de desafíos donde se cumplen los postulados del realismo periférico, posteriormente una diplomacia resiliente (Maduro-Raisi) que permite superar las presiones y puniciones del SIL.

Abstract: This article aims to demonstrate that Tehran and Caracas have managed to circumvent the dynamics of the international system, and have developed alternative ways of surviving the liberal order through resilient diplomacy. Which, according to the evidence we provide, surpasses the theory of peripheral realism, not as an epistemological improvement, but as empirical facts of the foreign policy of both. Iran and Venezuela have developed two revolutionary diplomatic phases that respond to two critical moments in their relations with the Liberal International System (LIS), a rebellious phase (Chávez- Ahmadinejad) and challenges where the postulates of peripheral realism are met and later a resilient diplomacy (MaduroRaisi) that allows overcoming the LIS pressures and punishments.

Una mirada crítica a la economía mundial. Reseña del libro: Contra los zombis: Economía política y la lucha por un futuro mejor de Paul Krugman

El transnacionalismo ante los retos sistémicos de la paz en el sur global. Reseña del libro: La cooperación internacional e intervención en escenarios de posconflicto )

Reseña del libro. Nudos críticos sobre la desigualdad de género

The influence of framing on the governance of climate change adaptation and risk management at the local level: The cases of Upala in Costa Rica and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque, Honduras

Abstract Climate change is one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The international agenda has come a long way since the approval of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The international community has understood that the mitigation agenda will not be enough to address the problems associated with climate change and the latest international instruments have incorporated adaptation as a central issue in the response to it. States have been approving Nationally Determined Contributions within the framework of the Paris Agreement. In these contributions, the generation of public policy to promote adaptation at the national level has been established as a central element. However, a fundamental challenge of adaptation is that it must be studied and developed locally; therefore, national, and international instruments can stimulate and promote these processes. Nevertheless, it will be the local authorities and actors who will determine the progress of these processes. This article focuses on analyzing the influence of actors and their frames of reference in local planning processes and the integration of adaptation to climate change. We studied the cases of Upala, Alajuela in Costa Rica, and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque in Honduras, to understand how these frameworks influenced the development of local public policies that integrated risk management and climate change adaptation measures. The results show that the referential frameworks of the actors influence how risk and climate change are understood and the assessment of the measures that were included in the local plan. Thus, using comparative case studies applied to countries is a key tool for analyzing international phenomena. Although adaptation is a locally led process, its study, practice, and instruments that facilitate its progress demand research processes that allow the different practices and associated problems to be compared internationally. From the international relations agenda, the study of these adaptation practices of different countries is a key tool in the study of the international agendas for adaptation and response to climate change.

Resumen El cambio climático es uno de los principales retos globales del siglo XXI. La agenda internacional ha avanzado mucho desde la aprobación de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. La comunidad internacional ha entendido que la agenda de mitigación no será suficiente para atender la problemática asociada al cambio climático y los últimos instrumentos internacionales han incorporado la adaptación como un tema central en la respuesta a este. Los Estados han aprobado Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas en el marco del Acuerdo de París. En estas contribuciones se han establecido como elementos centrales la generación de política pública para favorecer la adaptación a nivel nacional. Sin embargo, un reto fundamental de la adaptación es que esta debe ser localmente estudiada y desarrollada, por ende, los instrumentos nacionales e internacionales pueden estimular e impulsar dichos procesos, no obstante, serán las autoridades y actores locales los que determinarán el avance de estos. Este artículo se centra en analizar la influencia de los actores y sus marcos de referencia en procesos de planificación local y la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático, estudiando los casos de Upala de Alajuela en Costa Rica y San Francisco del Valle en Honduras, con el objetivo de comprender cómo estos marcos influyeron en el desarrollo de políticas públicas locales que integraron medidas de gestión del riesgo y adaptación al cambio climático. Los resultados demuestran que los marcos referenciales de los actores influyen en la forma en que se entiende el riesgo y el cambio climático y en la valoración de las medidas que se incluyeron en el plan local. En Upala los actores más críticos demostraron tener una influencia primaria ''individualista'' que incidió en una baja percepción del riesgo y una mayor aceptabilidad del ''status quo''. Ello contrastó con la perspectiva ''jerarquista'' del gobierno local, esto derivó en un bloqueo al proceso. En el caso de San Francisco del Valle la combinación de un proceso altamente participativo, sin características normativas de regulación, y con un balance casi perfecto entre las perspectivas ''jerarquista'' y la ''igualitaria'' entre todos los actores favorecieron un proceso sin gran conflictividad que derivó en la adopción del Plan de Desarrollo Municipal. La inclusión del cambio climático surgió de las personas participantes del proceso como un tema de gran relevancia ambiental y económico para el cantón.

Una mirada crítica a la economía mundial. Reseña del libro: Contra los zombis: Economía política y la lucha por un futuro mejor de Paul Krugman

Abstract Climate change is one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The international agenda has come a long way since the approval of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The international community has understood that the mitigation agenda will not be enough to address the problems associated with climate change and the latest international instruments have incorporated adaptation as a central issue in the response to it. States have been approving Nationally Determined Contributions within the framework of the Paris Agreement. In these contributions, the generation of public policy to promote adaptation at the national level has been established as a central element. However, a fundamental challenge of adaptation is that it must be studied and developed locally; therefore, national, and international instruments can stimulate and promote these processes. Nevertheless, it will be the local authorities and actors who will determine the progress of these processes. This article focuses on analyzing the influence of actors and their frames of reference in local planning processes and the integration of adaptation to climate change. We studied the cases of Upala, Alajuela in Costa Rica, and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque in Honduras, to understand how these frameworks influenced the development of local public policies that integrated risk management and climate change adaptation measures. The results show that the referential frameworks of the actors influence how risk and climate change are understood and the assessment of the measures that were included in the local plan. Thus, using comparative case studies applied to countries is a key tool for analyzing international phenomena. Although adaptation is a locally led process, its study, practice, and instruments that facilitate its progress demand research processes that allow the different practices and associated problems to be compared internationally. From the international relations agenda, the study of these adaptation practices of different countries is a key tool in the study of the international agendas for adaptation and response to climate change.

El transnacionalismo ante los retos sistémicos de la paz en el sur global. Reseña del libro: La cooperación internacional e intervención en escenarios de posconflicto )

Abstract Climate change is one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The international agenda has come a long way since the approval of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The international community has understood that the mitigation agenda will not be enough to address the problems associated with climate change and the latest international instruments have incorporated adaptation as a central issue in the response to it. States have been approving Nationally Determined Contributions within the framework of the Paris Agreement. In these contributions, the generation of public policy to promote adaptation at the national level has been established as a central element. However, a fundamental challenge of adaptation is that it must be studied and developed locally; therefore, national, and international instruments can stimulate and promote these processes. Nevertheless, it will be the local authorities and actors who will determine the progress of these processes. This article focuses on analyzing the influence of actors and their frames of reference in local planning processes and the integration of adaptation to climate change. We studied the cases of Upala, Alajuela in Costa Rica, and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque in Honduras, to understand how these frameworks influenced the development of local public policies that integrated risk management and climate change adaptation measures. The results show that the referential frameworks of the actors influence how risk and climate change are understood and the assessment of the measures that were included in the local plan. Thus, using comparative case studies applied to countries is a key tool for analyzing international phenomena. Although adaptation is a locally led process, its study, practice, and instruments that facilitate its progress demand research processes that allow the different practices and associated problems to be compared internationally. From the international relations agenda, the study of these adaptation practices of different countries is a key tool in the study of the international agendas for adaptation and response to climate change.

Reseña del libro. Nudos críticos sobre la desigualdad de género

Abstract Climate change is one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The international agenda has come a long way since the approval of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The international community has understood that the mitigation agenda will not be enough to address the problems associated with climate change and the latest international instruments have incorporated adaptation as a central issue in the response to it. States have been approving Nationally Determined Contributions within the framework of the Paris Agreement. In these contributions, the generation of public policy to promote adaptation at the national level has been established as a central element. However, a fundamental challenge of adaptation is that it must be studied and developed locally; therefore, national, and international instruments can stimulate and promote these processes. Nevertheless, it will be the local authorities and actors who will determine the progress of these processes. This article focuses on analyzing the influence of actors and their frames of reference in local planning processes and the integration of adaptation to climate change. We studied the cases of Upala, Alajuela in Costa Rica, and San Francisco del Valle de Ocotepeque in Honduras, to understand how these frameworks influenced the development of local public policies that integrated risk management and climate change adaptation measures. The results show that the referential frameworks of the actors influence how risk and climate change are understood and the assessment of the measures that were included in the local plan. Thus, using comparative case studies applied to countries is a key tool for analyzing international phenomena. Although adaptation is a locally led process, its study, practice, and instruments that facilitate its progress demand research processes that allow the different practices and associated problems to be compared internationally. From the international relations agenda, the study of these adaptation practices of different countries is a key tool in the study of the international agendas for adaptation and response to climate change.