Actualidades en Psicología

Entrenamiento de voluntarios en Primera Ayuda Psicológica y estrategias de afrontamiento

Resumen. Objetivo. Analizar la eficacia del personal voluntario y profesional que asiste en emergencias (Bomberos Voluntarios, Defensa Civil, Cruz Roja) en un programa de entrenamiento en la Primera Ayuda Psicológica y su relación con indicadores de empatía y estrategias de afrontamiento. Método. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, comparativo correlacional, con una muestra de 198 voluntarios que pertenecen a instituciones que intervienen en emergencias. Se utilizó un programa de simulación sobre respuestas a víctimas de catástrofes (Sistema Interactivo de Primera Ayuda Psicológica y el Inventario de Valoración y Afrontamiento). Resultados. Los voluntarios que expresan que manejan mejor una situación estresante lograban un rendimiento más eficaz en el programa de simulación. La valoración del contexto como amenazante o indiferente, perjudicaba la ejecución del protocolo de PAP propuesto en la ejercitación mediante software.

Abstract. Objective. To analyze the effectiveness of volunteer and professional personnel who assist in emergencies (Volunteer Firefighters, Civil Defense, Red Cross) in a Psychological First Aid training program and its relationship with indicators of empathy and coping strategies. Method. A quantitative, comparative, and co-relational study was carried out with a sample of 198 volunteers belonging to institutions that intervene in emergencies. A simulation program on responses to victims of catastrophes was used, Interactive System in Psychological First Aid and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Results. Volunteers, who state that handle better stressful situations, achieve a more effective performance in the simulation program. The assessment of the context as threatening or indifferent impaired the execution of the proposed PFA protocol using software.

Sentido de vida en adultos mayores institucionalizados desde el enfoque Humanista-Existencial

Resumen Objetivo. Identificar el sentido de vida en un grupo de adultos mayores institucionalizados, desde una perspectiva humanista-existencial. Método. Se efectuó un diseño cualitativo fenomenológico en el que se entrevistaron a 8 adultos mayores con edades entre 74 y 99 años, bajo la técnica de relato de vida, efectuándose un análisis narrativo temático. Resultados. Se observaron 3 ejes temáticos (actividades previas a la institución, historia de vida personal y acontecimientos vitales en torno al sufrimiento). De estos, se desprendieron los valores existenciales que permitieron dar cuenta de un sentido de vida en los adultos mayores institucionalizados. En conclusión, los adultos mayores orientan su vida hacia sí mismos, hacia las demás personas dentro de la institución y presentan un sentido hacia la muerte.

Abstract Objective. Identify the meaning of life in a group of institutionalized older adults, from a humanistic-existential perspective. Method. A phenomenological qualitative design was carried out where eight older adults aged between 74 and 99 years were interviewed, using the life story technique, carrying out a thematic narrative analysis. Results. Three thematic axes were observed (activities prior to the institution, history of personal life, and vital events around suffering). From these, the existential values that allowed to give an account of a meaning of life in institutionalized older adults emerged. In conclusion, older adults orient their life towards themselves, towards other people within the institution, and have a meaning of death.

Calidad de vida general, depresión y ansiedad: diferencias de acuerdo con el control del asma

Resumen Objetivo. Comparar la calidad de vida (CdV) evaluada a través del Inventario de Calidad de Vida y Salud, así como depresión y ansiedad entre pacientes con asma controlada y asma no controlada. Método. Es un estudio transversal, ex post facto en el que participaron 149 adultos mexicanos con asma. Resultados. Se muestran diferencias significativas con tamaños del efecto de moderados a grandes en las sub-escalas de desempeño físico, aislamiento, tiempo libre, vida cotidiana, ansiedad y depresión. Las áreas que correlacionaron significativa y positivamente fueron vida cotidiana con aislamiento y tiempo libre, depresión con aislamiento y vida cotidiana. Pacientes con asma no controlada presentaron afectación en las sub-escalas de CdV relacionadas con actividades físicas y sociales, intervenciones psicológicas deben atender a estas áreas.

Abstract Objective. Compare quality of life (QoL) evaluated through the Quality of Life and Health Inventory, as well as depression and anxiety between subjects with controlled asthma and uncontrolled asthma. Method. This is a Cross-sectional, ex post facto study involving 149 Mexican adults with asthma. Results. Significant differences with moderate to large effect size were found in these sub-scales such as physical performance, isolation, free time, daily life, anxiety, and depression. The areas that correlated significantly and positively were daily life with isolation and free time, depression with isolation, and daily life. Subjects with uncontrolled asthma are affected in the QoL subscales related to physical and social activities, psychological treatments must attend to these areas.

Teorías Subjetivas sobre disciplina parental: perspectiva de los profesionales en trabajo social y psicología

Resumen Objetivo. Reconstruir las teorías subjetivas de profesionales en trabajo social y psicología sobre la disciplina parental. Método. Es una investigación cualitativa con diseño descriptivo. Se realizaron entrevistas individuales a siete profesionales en trabajo social y siete en psicología de la cuarta región de Chile. El análisis de datos utilizó codificaciones mediante el software ATLAS.ti. Resultados. Se demostró que los consejos de disciplina parental se conforman por la formación profesional de pre y posgrado, la experiencia laboral en programas con familias y elementos personales relacionados con historia de vida y parentalidad. Es así que los consejos se basan principalmente en teorías subjetivas y profesionales que se relacionan con teorías formales. Se observan diferencias en los consejos que entregan ambas profesiones.

Abstract Objective. To reconstruct the subjective theories of social workers and psychologists regarding parental discipline. Method. The following research is qualitative, and it was carried out through a descriptive type of design. Individual interviews were conducted to seven social workers and seven psychologists from the fourth region of Chile. The analysis of the collected data was performed through the grounded theory using encodings from the ATLAS.ti. software. Results. It is shown that the pieces of advice regarding parental discipline are strongly influenced by the professional training, the working experience, and some personal elements and conceptions of the interviewed professionals. Some differences are observed regarding the pieces of advice provided from both professional perspectives.

La red de apoyo familiar y las relaciones intrafamiliares como predictoras de la satisfacción vital

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre la red de apoyo familiar y las relaciones intrafamiliares con la satisfacción vital. Método. Se realizó un estudio correlacional, transversal y no experimental con una muestra de 314 estudiantes de dos instituciones de educación superior: 70 hombres (22.3%) y 244 mujeres (77.7%), con una edad promedio de 27.55 años (DT = 9.57). Resultados. El modelo conformado por la cantidad de miembros de la red de apoyo familiar, más la cercanía o intimidad de contacto entre esos miembros, más la unión y apoyo mostrado en las relaciones intrafamiliares, más la expresión y comunicación mostrada en estas predice mejor la satisfacción vital del individuo.

Abstract Objective. To determine the relationship between the elements of the family support network and intra-family relationships with life satisfaction. Method. A correlational, cross-sectional, and non-experimental study was carried out with a sample of 314 students from two higher education institutions: 70 men (22.3%) and 244 women (77.7%), with an average age of 27.55 years (SD = 9.57). Results. The model constituted by the members of the family support network, plus the closeness or intimacy in their contact with each other, plus along with the union and support shown in intra-family relationships, plus the expression and communication shown in these better predicts the vital satisfaction of the individual.

¿Qué te lleva a moverte? Fenomenología de la práctica de actividad física por un largo plazo

Resumen Objetivo. Conocer la experiencia de personas físicamente activas por un largo plazo desde tres etapas: inicio de la vida activa, motivación actual y afrontamiento a las barreras. Método. Se realiza un análisis fenomenológico a partir de entrevistas examinadas a profundidad. N = 11 de personas adultas que han sido activas a un nivel suficiente por los últimos 10 años. Resultados. Surgieron cuatro categorías que describen: la vivencia autónoma, la decisión, el gusto adquirido desde la infancia y el hábito para regular emociones. A manera de conclusión, al conocer las características de la experiencia en la actividad física en personas activas, se confirmó aspectos sobre la motivación autodeterminada, lo que sugiere la presencia de elementos útiles en la intervención dirigida a la activación a largo plazo.

Abstract Objective. To know the experience of long-term active people to understand their relationship with physical practice in three stages: beginning of active life, current motivation, and facing barriers. Method. A phenomenological analysis was done on in-depth interviews. N = 11 adults have been active at a sufficient level for, at least, the last 10 years. Results. Four categories were found: the autonomous experience, the decision making, the preference for an active life acquired since childhood, and the habit through which they regulate their emotions. As a conclusion, the characteristics of the experience of active people with physical activity confirmed aspects about self-determined motivation. Useful elements are suggested in the intervention aimed at long-term activation.

Construction and validation of attraction for morbid events multifactor Scale

Resumo Objetivo. Este estudo buscou construir e validar a Escala Multifatorial de Atração por Eventos Mórbidos (AMAEM). Método. Do primeiro estudo participaram 252 pessoas da população geral, as quais responderam à EMAEM e a perguntas sociodemográficas. A análise de componentes principais indicou uma estrutura de cinco fatores. No segundo estudo, a amostra foi de 609 pessoas da população geral brasileira, as quais a escala de personalidade e a escala de busca de sensações. Resultado. A análise fatorial confirmatória apoaiou a adequação do modelo de cinco fatores. Adicionalmente, demonstrou ainda que os fatores da EMAEM podem contribuir com a compreensão de características da personalidade e sua associação com o engajamento em comportamentos antissociais.

Abstract Objective. This study aimed to construct and validate the Attraction for Morbid Events Multifactor Scale (EMAEM). Method. Two empiric studies were conducted. 252 people from the general population participated in the first study, in which a main component analysis was conducted to attest the factor structure of EMAEM. In this study, the five-factor model was most suitable. In the second study, the participants were 609 people from the general population that answered personality and antisocial behavior scales, besides EMAEM. Results. Confirmatory Factor Analysis shows the suitability of the five-factor model. Moreover, the EMAEM scale can provide aids to a better understanding of personality traits associated with engaging in risky behavior.

The relationship between the Big Five personality factors and the intention of corruption

Resumo A comportamento corrupto deve ser investigado a partir de diferentes níveis de análise. A nível intraindividual, a personalidade é uma variável relevante para sua compreensão. Objetivo. Na presente pesquisa, buscou-se analisar a influência dos traços de personalidade na intenção de comportamento corrupto a partir do modelo dos cinco grandes fatores da personalidade. Método. Participaram da pesquisa 286 indivíduos com idades entre 18 e 76 anos. Para coleta, foram utilizadas a Escala Reduzida dos cinco grandes fatores da personalidade, a Medida de Intenção de Corrupção e um questionário sociodemográfico. Resultados. Se encontraram correlações positivas entre a intenção de corrupção com as dimensões amabilidade, conscienciosidade e abertura à experiência. Porém, por meio de uma regressão linear múltipla, apenas a conscienciosidade teve efeito significativo. Implicações são discutidas.

Abstract Corruption must be investigated from different levels of analysis. At the intra-individual level, personality is a relevant variable for its understanding. Objective. In the present research, we sought to analyze the influence of personality traits on the intention of corrupt behavior based on the Big Five model of personality. Method. This study included 286 individuals between the ages of 18 and 76. A Reduced Scale of the Big Five personality factors, and a Corruption Intention Measurement scale, along general sociodemographic data were part of the data collection process. Results. Data showed positive correlations between corruption intention and the dimensions of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness. However, using multiple linear regression, only conscientiousness had a significant effect. Implications are discussed.