Actualidades en Psicología

Impact of mental lexicon on reading comprehension in children growing up in poverty

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar el impacto que las representaciones léxicas de niños hispanohablantes, que crecen en contextos de pobreza, tiene sobre la comprensión lectora. Método. Se evaluó a 61 niños en una prueba de comprensión lectora y, a partir de los resultados, se dividió la muestra total en dos grupos: un grupo de alto nivel de comprensión y otro grupo de bajo nivel. Luego, se evaluaron ambos grupos en pruebas de vocabulario (representaciones semánticas del léxico mental) y el nivel lector (representaciones ortográficas del léxico mental). Asimismo, se exploró el nivel de memoria operativa de los niños, la realización de inferencias y el procesamiento morfosintáctico de lenguaje oral. Resultados. Se obtienen resultados que otorgan evidencia sobre la incidencia del léxico mental en la comprensión de textos escritos.

Abstract Objetive. This study analyses the impact that lexical representations of Spanish-speaking children in contexts of poverty have on the reading comprehension skills. Method. To this end, an assessment was made of the reading comprehension of 61 children. The results helped identify two groups within the sample: one with a high level of comprehension, and a second with a low level of comprehension. Each group’s vocabulary (semantic representations of the mental lexicon) and reading level (orthographic representations of the mental lexicon) was then assessed. Other important skills related to comprehension were likewise explored, such as working memory, inference-making ability, and morphosyntactic processing of spoken language. Results. The results provide evidence regarding the substantial impact of mental lexicon representations on reading comprehension.

Dispositional optimism, anxiety, depression and stress in a sample of Ecuador. Inter-gender and prediction analysis

Resumen.Objetivo. Determinar las diferencias inter-género del optimismo disposicional, la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés y el rol predictor sobre estos rasgos patológicos en una muestra de universitarios del Ecuador. Método. Investigación descriptiva, comparativa, predictora y de corte transversal con las pruebas de Orientación Vital y la Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés con 288 participantes de una universidad pública de Ambato, Ecuador (63.9% son mujeres y 31% hombres). Con edades entre 17 a 39 años (M = 21.6 años; DT = 2.5). Resultados. Hay diferencias (p < .05) de género en ansiedad y estrés (con mayor presencia en mujeres que en hombres. También, hay correlaciones entre el optimismo disposicional y los rasgos patológicos. Finalmente, el optimismo disposicional explica en la depresión (15.2%), la ansiedad (9.7%) y el estrés (5.5%) los cambios de la varianza. Se concluye que el optimismo disposicional es un predictor de la depresión, la ansiedad y el estrés en estudiantes universitarios.

Abstract.Objective. To determine the inter-gender differences in dispositional optimism, depression, anxiety, and stress; as well as the predictive role of optimism on pathological features in a sample of Ecuadorian university students. Method. This is a descriptive, comparative, predictive and cross-sectional study using the Life Orientation (LOT-R) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) tests with 288 university students belonging to one university of Ambato; 63.9% women, 31% men aged between 17 to 39 (M = 21.6 years, SD = 2.5). Results. Gender differences were found at the Anxiety and Stress level, with greater presence in women than in men. As regards dispositional optimism and depression, gender is invariant. There were both slight and significant correlations between dispositional optimism and the dimensions evaluated by the DASS 21 test. Dispositional optimism also explains changes in variance in depression (15.2%), anxiety (9.7%) and stress (5.5%). As a conclusion, dispositional optimism is a relevant predictor of depression, as well as anxiety and stress in university students.

As representações sociais de aprendizagem compartilhadas por professores da rede privada: estudo comparativo

Resumo.Objetivo. Buscou-se apreender as representações sociais de professores da rede de ensino privada sobre aprendizagem no cenário tecnológico atual. Método. Participaram do estudo 40 professores, 20 que possuíam a tecnologia robótica educacional inserida na grade curricular de sua escola e 20 que não possuíam. Para coleta de dados utilizou-se questionário sociodemográfico, TALP e entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados coletados foram analisados através da técnica das redes semânticas e análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin. Resultados. Os professores que possuíam robótica educacional em sua grade curricular vincularam a aprendizagem enquanto construção do conhecimento baseada em uma abordagem construcionista. Enquanto os professores que não possuíam elucidaram a aprendizagem com uma visão instrucionista voltada para transmissão do saber que se dá pela busca.

Abstract.Objective. The aim was to understand private school teachers’ social representations of learning in the current technological landscape. Method. Forty teachers participated in the study; twenty of whom had Educational Robotic Technology embedded in their school curriculum; and twenty of whom did not. Data collection was carried out via a socio-demographic questionnaire, TALP and semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed using Bardin’s technique of semantic networks and thematic content analysis. Results. Teachers with educational robotics in their curriculum-linked learning showed the construction of knowledge associated with a constructionist approach. Those who did not, conversely, elucidated learning with an instructional vision aimed at transmitting the knowledge that occurs through the search.

A systematic literature review on suicide: risk and protection factors in Latin American youth 1995-2017

Resumen.Objetivo. Conocer el estado de la investigación sobre los factores protectores y de riesgo de suicidio en jóvenes en varios países de América Latina. Método. El estudio se ha realizado mediante una revisión sistemática de literatura y con un enfoque cualitativo. Resultados. La mayor parte de los estudios analizados para este artículo se han realizado desde ciencias de la salud con predominio de enfoques cuantitativos, avocándose principalmente en factores de riesgo y en menor medida en factores protectores. No obstante, se reconoce la necesidad de estudiar más a fondo estos últimos, así como las medidas de prevención que puedan ser útiles en intervenciones e investigaciones futuras. Por otro lado, se ha encontrado que la familia como primer espacio de interacción social, representa un elemento determinante tanto en el desarrollo de factores protectores como de riesgo en jóvenes. Además, se destaca que para esta población la combinación de diferentes factores de riesgo podría agravar considerablemente la ocurrencia de un intento o consumación de suicidio.

Abstract.Objective. To determine the state of research on protective and risk factors of suicide in young people in several Latin American countries. Method. The study was conducted following a Systematic Literature Review with a qualitative approach. Results. Most studies analyzed for this article have been conducted from within the health sciences with a predominance of quantitative approaches, focusing mainly on risk factors and, to a lesser extent, on protective factors. However, there is a need to study the latter in greater depth, as well as prevention measures that may be useful in future interventions and research. In addition, it has been found that the family, as the first space of social interaction, represents a determining element in the development of both protective and risk factors in young people. Furthermore, for this population, the combination of different risk factors could considerably aggravate the occurrence of a suicide attempt or consummation.

Personal adjustment and disruptive behaviors in primary school students

Resumen. Objetivo. Estudiar las relaciones entre variables de ajuste personal y las conductas disruptivas en un grupo de 136 alumnos y alumnas de primaria de entre 9 y 12 años. Método. Estudio de campo observacional, de metodología no experimental y transversal. Se utilizaron varios cuestionarios para medir la autoestima, la personalidad, el estrés y las competencias emocionales de los y las estudiantes, así como un cuestionario ad hoc elaborado para el registro de las conductas disruptivas. Resultados. Los resultados indican relaciones significativas positivas entre conductas disruptivas y estrés escolar, así como negativas con autoestima, estabilidad, competencia y comprensión emocional. Las diferencias son significativas según el género, manifestándose las conductas inadecuadas en menor medida en el caso de las niñas.

Abstract. Objective. This study analyses the relationships between personal adjustment and disruptive behaviors in a group of 136 primary school students between the ages of 9 and 12. Method. This field observation study used a non-experimental, cross-sectional methodology. Several questionnaires were used to measure students’ self-esteem, personality, stress, and emotional competencies. Moreover, an ad hoc questionnaire was created to record disruptive behaviors. Results. The results indicate significant positive relationships between disruptive behaviors and school stress, as well as negative ones with self-esteem, stability, competence, and emotional understanding. The differences are significant according to gender, with inappropriate behaviors manifesting to a lesser extent in the case of girls.

Methodological aspects of dream intervention modes referred to in pass testimonies from lacanian schools affiliated with the WAP and the SPFLF

Resumen. Objetivo. En este artículo se presenta un estudio de los modos de intervención frente a los sueños referidos en testimonios de pase de escuelas lacanianas afiliadas a la Asociación Mundial de Psicoanálisis y la Escuela de Psicoanálisis de los Foros del Campo Lacaniano. Método. Se constituyó una muestra intencional de 80 testimonios, recabados de las publicaciones de cada escuela. A partir de ahí, se analizaron cualitativamente los 14 ejemplos encontrados en los que se explicitaba el modo en el que el analista intervino sobre el relato de un sueño. Resultados. El resultado es el hallazgo de variadas intervenciones que fueron agrupadas en cuatro ejes: (a) la interrogación o invitación a asociar; (b) la interpretación; (c) el corte; (d) otras variantes del acto analítico. Se concluye que el trabajo con los sueños delineado por Freud sigue en pie, pero también se observan otros modos de intervención que apuntan a un más allá del sentido: a la letra y al corte como estructura fundamental de la interpretación.

Abstract. Objective. This paper presents a study of dream intervention modes referred to in pass testimonies from Lacanian Schools affiliated with the World Association of Psychoanalysis and the School of Psychoanalysis of the Forums of the Lacanian Fields. Method. The intentional sample consists of 80 testimonies, obtained from the publications of each school. From that point, we analyzed qualitatively 14 examples, in which the intervention of the analyst over a dream story was explicit. Results. We could find varied interventions and gather them into four main ideas (a) interrogation or invitation to associate; (b) interpretation; (c) cut; (d) other analytic act variations. As a conclusion, the Freudian approach with dreams is still in effect, but we also observe some others ways to intervene that aim beyond sense: to letter and to cut, as the foundations of psychoanalytic interpretation.

Differences in anxiety and depression by contextual variables in women with breast cancer

Resumen. Objetivo. Identificar las diferencias en la ansiedad y depresión de acuerdo con variables contextuales en mujeres con cáncer de mama que se encuentran bajo tratamiento. Método. Estudio comparativo realizado en 91 mujeres con cáncer de mama, en tres unidades de atención del Noreste de México. Se utilizó la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión. Resultados. El 51.6% (f = 47) resultó con ansiedad y el 25.3% (f = 23) depresión. La ansiedad y depresión no es diferente de acuerdo con el grado de escolaridad (p > .05) y estado civil (p > .05). La depresión (p = .001) y ansiedad (p =.05) es diferente de acuerdo con la unidad de atención. Se concluye que es importante cuidar el estado emocional de las pacientes con cáncer, ya que se observó que la mitad de las pacientes presentaron ansiedad y una cuarta parte depresión. Es necesario analizar el contexto, ya que la depresión y ansiedad son diferentes de acuerdo con la unidad de atención.

Abstract. Objective. The aim is to identify the differences between anxiety and depression according to contextual variables in women with breast cancer who are under treatment. Method. A comparative study was carried out in 91 women with breast cancer in three care units in Northeast Mexico. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used. Results. The 51.6% (f = 47) resulted in anxiety and 25.3% (f = 23) depression. Anxiety and depression are not different according to the degree of schooling (p > .05) and marital status (p > .05). Depression (p = .001) and anxiety (p = 05) is different according to the unit of attention. In conclusion, it is important to take care of the emotional state of cancer patients since it was observed that half of the patients presented anxiety and a quarter with depression. It is necessary to analyze the context because dpression and anxiety are different regarding the unit of attention.

Coparentalidade e envolvimento parental em famílias binucleares: revisão sistemática

Resumo. Objetivo. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi compreender como a coparentalidade, o envolvimento parental e as práticas parentais influenciam a dinâmica de famílias binucleares. Método. Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados PsycINFO, Web of Science e BVSPsi, que resultou em 17 artigos científicos. Os estudos foram analisados criticamente em relação às características metodológicas e aos principais resultados. Resultados. Em linhas gerais, observou-se que a coparentalidade e o envolvimento parental associam-se com diversos fatores de proteção à saúde psicológica dos pais e das crianças após o divórcio, em consonância com dados encontrados com famílias intactas/nucleares. Não foram encontradas pesquisas sobre práticas parentais dentro dos critérios de busca estabelecidos. Discutem-se possíveis vieses e indicações para futuras investigações e intervenções com famílias binucleares.

Abstract. Objective. The objective of this systematic review was to understand how coparenting, parental involvement, and parenting practices influence the dynamics of binuclear families. Method. A search was carried out in the PsycINFO, Web of Science, and BVSPsi databases, which resulted in 17 scientific articles. The studies were analyzed critically concerning the methodological characteristics and the main results. Results. In general, it was observed that coparenting and parental involvement are associated with several factors that protect the psychological health of parents and children after divorce, in line with data found with intact/nuclear families. No research was found on parenting practices within the established search criteria. Possible biases and indications for future investigations and interventions with binuclear families are discussed.