Actualidades en Psicología

Psychometric Properties of the Spirituality Index in Costa Rican Older Adults

Resumen. Objetivo. Presentar evidencias de la validez del Índice de Espiritualidad para Adultos Mayores en una muestra costarricense. Método. Los datos fueron recolectados entre 2015 y 2016 en una población de 282 participantes del Gran Área Metropolitana (M = 64, DT = 7.55). Resultados. Un análisis factorial confirmatorio arrojó evidencias de validez al determinar la unidimensionalidad de la medida (χ2 = 21.03, gl = 9, p = .001; CFI = .997; TLI = .994; RMSEA = .094 ENT#091;.041 - .148ENT#093;, SRMR = .022). Tanto el alfa de Cronbach como el omega de McDonald resultaron adecuados (.91). Se encontró evidencia de validez con la Escala de Satisfacción Temporal con la Vida (r = .263, p = .001) y con la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (r = .173, p > .01). Se concluye que el Índice de Espiritualidad para Adultos Mayores se muestra como un buen indicador para medir la espiritualidad en adultos mayores costarricenses.

Abstract. Objective. The aim of this study was to show evidence of the Spirituality Index for the elderly in Costa Rica. Method. 282 elders participated (M = 64 years, SD = 7.55) and data was collected in the Great Metropolitan Area between 2015 and 2016. Results. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed validity evidence indicating a one-dimensional structure (χ2 = 21.03, gl = 9, p = .001; CFI = .997; TLI = .994; RMSEA = .094 ENT#091;.041 - .148ENT#093;, SRMR = .022). Reliability, as indicated by Cronbach's alpha and McDonald’s omega, demonstrated adequate internal consistency (.91). Validity evidence was also found with Temporal Life Satisfaction (r = .263, p = .001) and Psychological Well-Being (r = .173, p < .01). The results suggest that the Spirituality Index for the elderly is a satisfactory indicator to measure spirituality in Costa Rican elders.

Effect of Spiritual Health and Resilience on Aggressiveness in a Sample of Active Christian Young Adults

Abstract Objective. This study evaluated the adequacy of a structural equation model examining the relationship between spiritual health, resilience, and aggressiveness. Method. Four hundred young individuals (aged 18-30) from Costa Rica and Mexico (66.5% females, 33.5% males) actively involved in religious congregations completed Spiritual Health, Mexican Resilience, and Aggression Questionnaire scales. Data was analyzed using a structural equation model. The analysis revealed a statistically significant but suboptimal fit (χ2 = 224.333, df = 51, p < .001). Nevertheless, the estimated fit indices exhibited reasonably satisfactory fit (CFI = .912, TLI = .886, RMSEA = .092, SRMR = .060). Results. Spiritual health positively affects resilience and negatively affects aggressiveness, while resilience negatively impacts aggressiveness. Consequently, fostering spiritual health may enhance the positive response in challenging situations.

Resumen Objetivo. Este estudio evaluó el ajuste de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que examina la relación entre la salud espiritual, la resiliencia y la agresividad. Método. Cuatrocientos jóvenes (de 18 a 30 años) de Costa Rica y México (66.5% mujeres, 33.5% hombres) activamente involucrados en congregaciones religiosas completaron las escalas de Salud Espiritual, Resiliencia Mexicana y Cuestionario de Agresión. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. El análisis reveló un ajuste estadísticamente significativo pero subóptimo (χ² = 224.333, gl = 51, p < .001). No obstante, los índices de ajuste estimados mostraron un ajuste razonablemente satisfactorio (CFI = .912, TLI = .886, RMSEA = .092, SRMR = .060). Resultados. La salud espiritual afecta positivamente la resiliencia y negativamente la agresividad, mientras que la resiliencia impacta negativamente en la agresividad. En consecuencia, fomentar la salud espiritual puede mejorar la respuesta positiva en situaciones desafiantes.

Common-sense and self-regulation model-based intervention to increase adherence and asthma control

Resumen. Objetivo. Evaluar los efectos de una intervención basada en el Modelo de Sentido Común o de Autorregulación (CSM) para incrementar conductas de adherencia y control del asma. Método. La intervención tuvo tres sesiones de 90 minutos cada una, empleando técnicas de psieducación, revaloración, solución de problemas y retroalimentación objetiva. Se usó un diseño A-B y fase de seguimiento, replicando la intervención con cinco mujeres de entre 25 y 55 años. Los efectos se evaluaron con medidas estandarizadas y conductuales de adherencia, control del asma y obstrucción pulmonar en un período de 28-75 días, utilizando análisis visuales, tamaño del efecto y significancia clínica. Resultados. El incremento en las conductas de adherencia para la fase B y de seguimiento tuvo un efecto moderado-fuerte (NAP = .86 - 1, p < .01). En el caso del control del asma, se presentaron efectos clínicos significativos (ICF = 2.32 - 5.42), de igual manera en obstrucción pulmonar, donde las pacientes la disminuyeron entre 11% - 40%.

Abstract. Objective. The effects of a common-sense and self-regulation model-based intervention to increase adherence behaviors and asthma control were valuated. Method. We tested an A-B and follow-up design, replicating the intervention with five women, ages between 25 and 55. The treatment was applied over three 90-minute sessions based on the following strategies: psychoeducation, reattribution, problem-solving, and objective feedback. Effects were assessed with standardized and behavioral measures of adherence, asthma control and pulmonary obstruction measurement over a period of 28-75 days, using visual analysis, effect size and clinical significance. Results. The increase in adherence behaviors for phase B and follow-up had a moderate-strong effect (NAP = .86-1, p < .01). In the case of asthma control, there were significant clinical effects (RCI = 2.32-5.42), as well as in pulmonary obstruction where patients decreased it between 11%-40%.

Effect of Recreation on Self-esteem: A Meta-analysis

Resumen Objetivos. El propósito de este meta-análisis (MA) fue evaluar el efecto de la recreación en la autoestima y analizar posibles variables moderadoras. Método. Se incluyeron 55 estudios, 3782 participantes y 117 tamaños del efecto (TE). Los análisis involucraron diseño intra-grupos, modelo de efectos aleatorios, Q estadística e inconsistencia con la I2. Resultados. Se halló que el TE del grupo experimental fue moderado, positivo y significativo (TE = .70). De este modo, se concluye que los programas recreativos mejoraron la autoestima de las personas participantes de manera significativa. Además, el tipo de dirección de la actividad, el tipo de actividad recreativa y la condición de la muestra fueron variables que moderaron significativamente el TE de la autoestima. Se recomienda ofrecer actividades recreativas a personas con edades entre 9.5 y 79 años

Abstract Objectives. This meta-analysis (MA) aimed to assess the effectiveness of recreation on self-esteem and to analyze possible moderating variables. Method. Fifty-five studies were included, with 3782 participants, and 117 effect sizes (ES). The analyses comprised within-groups design, the random effects model, the Q statistic and inconsistency with the I2. Results. It was found that the ES of the experimental group was moderate, positive and significant (ES = .70). Recreational programs significantly improved self-esteem. In addition, the type of leadership of the activity, the type of recreational activity and the condition of the sample were variables that significantly moderated the ES of self-esteem. It is recommended to offer recreational activities to people from the ages of 9.5 to 79

Family Conflict, Stressful Family Situations and Aggression in Adolescence. The Role of Hostility

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar la relación entre conflictividad y otras situaciones familiares estresantes con la agresividad en adolescentes. Método. Participaron 1193 adolescentes españoles de 14 a 18 años, procedentes de 51 centros educativos o centros de menores. Se usó el Cuestionario de Agresividad de Buss y Perry (BPAQ). Resultados. La conflictividad familiar y las malas calificaciones escolares resultaron factores de riesgo de la agresividad física, la ira y la hostilidad; la ausencia de figuras parentales, de la ira y la hostilidad; y las dificultades económico-labolares, de la hostilidad. La hostilidad se correlacionó positivamente con todos los factores familiares estresantes analizados y emergió como una variable conectada simultáneamente al aumento de la conflictividad familiar, del estrés familiar y de la agresividad física del adolescente. Se sugieren propuestas de intervención.

Abstract Objective. To analyze the relationship between family conflicts and other stressful family situations with aggression in adolescents. Method. A total of 1193 Spanish adolescents aged 14 to 18 years were selected from 51 educational centers or juvenile centers. The Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire -BPAQ- was used. Results. Family conflict and poor school grades were risk factors for physical aggression, anger and hostility; the absence of parental figures was a risk factor for anger and hostility; and economic or work-related difficulties were a risk factor for hostility. Hostility correlated positively with all of the stressful family factors analyzed and emerged as a variable simultaneously linked to the increase in family conflicts, family stress, and adolescent physical aggression. Intervention proposals are suggested.

Emotional Dependence, Cyberviolence and Control through Social Networks in Relationships in Young People

Resumen Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la dependencia emocional y el abuso psicológico en parejas jóvenes mediante la identificación de conductas de control, vigilancia y manipulación, tanto perpetradas como victimizadas a través de las redes sociales. Método. Para la recolección de datos, participaron 122 jóvenes españoles con edades entre los 18 y 32 años (x = 21.89; DT = 2.14). Resultados. Se comprobó una relación positiva entre la dependencia emocional y el abuso psicológico en las formas de cibercontrol y ciberagresión. Con respecto a la victimización por cibercontrol, se encontró que los participantes con mayor dependencia emocional obtuvieron puntuaciones promedio más elevadas que los que presentaron menor o nula dependencia. Se halló, además, que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del género y la edad, esto tanto en la perpetración como en la victimización por cibercontrol. Se concluye que es indispensable intervenir en estos procesos de dependencia y abuso emocional para evitar la normalización y legitimación de las conductas de cibercontrol y de abuso psicológico en las relaciones de pareja.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between emotional dependence and psychological abuse by controlling and manipulative behaviors both perpetrated and victimized in dating relationships through social networks. Method. 122 Spanish young people aged between 18 and 32 years old (x = 21.89; DT = 2.14) were selected. Emotional dependence has been evaluated, as well as partner violence in Social Networks. Results. It was proven that there is a positive relationship between emotional dependence and psychological abuse in the form of cyber control and cyber aggression. Young people with emotional dependence have higher average scores than non-dependent youth in victimization related to cybercontrol. It was found that there are no statistically significant differences based on gender and age in both perpetration and victimization due to cyber control. Intervention must be done to avoid the normalization and legitimization of cybercontrol behaviors and psychological abuse in couple relationships.

Autoconceito e representações sociais de brasileiros acerca de suas vivências LGBTQIA+

Resumo. Objetivo. A pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar os elementos constituintes do autoconceito e a estrutura representacional de brasileiros acerca de suas vivências LGBTQIA+. Método. O estudo contou com a participação de 120 pessoas LGBTQIA+, com idade entre 18 e 42 anos (M = 27.19 e DT = 5.95). Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico e o Teste de Associação Livre de Palavras (TALP), com o estímulo indutor “Eu mesmo”. Resultados. A análise indicou que os participantes apresentaram representações positivas de si mesmos, sugerindo um autoconceito saudável. Entretanto, apesar dos traços positivos predominantes, os estressores enfrentados por pessoas LGBTQIA+ podem afetar negativamente o autoconceito. Nesse sentido, algumas das palavras evocadas após a apresentação do estímulo indutor se referem a características e sentimentos negativos, associados a um autoconceito empobrecido

Abstract. Objective. The objective of this research was to identify the constituent elements of the self-concept and the representational structure of Brazilians about their LGBTQIA+ experiences Method. The study involved the participation of 120 LGBTQIA+ people, all Brazilian, aged between 18 and 42 years (M = 27.19 and SD = 5.95). Data collection employed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the Free Word Association Test (FWAT) with the inducing stimulus "Myself". Results. The analysis indicated that participants demonstrated positive self-representations, suggesting a healthy self-concept. However, despite the predominance of positive traits, the stressors faced by LGBTQIA+ individuals may negatively impact their self-concept. In this context, some of the words evoked following the presentation of the inducing stimulus referred to negative characteristics and feelings associated with an impoverished self-concept

Professional Identity, Teacher Trainer and Academic Progression in Traditional and Non-Traditional Pedagogy Students

Resumen. Objetivo. Comparar los niveles de identidad profesional en estudiantes chilenos de pedagogía tradicionales y no tradicionales, considerando el tipo de persona formadora de docentes, la progresión académica y la capacidad predictiva de estas variables sobre la identidad profesional. Método. Se utilizó un diseño transversal con un muestreo no aleatorio de 702 estudiantes chilenos de pedagogía. Se midió la identidad profesional docente y la identificación con la persona formadora de docentes. Además, se registró el nivel cursado del estudiantado. Resultados. Con base en las pruebas no paramétricas, se encontraron, entre los estudiantes tradicionales y no tradicionales, diferencias en los niveles de identidad profesional, en la identificación con la persona formadora de docentes y en el modelo predictivo de la identidad profesional. En la discusión se analizan estos resultados a la luz de la literatura

Abstract. Objective. To compare the levels of professional identity among Chilean traditional and non-traditional pedagogy students, considering the type of teacher itrainer, academic progression, and the predictive capacity of these two variables on the professional identity. Method. A cross-sectional design with a non-random sample of 702 Chilean pedagogy students was used. Measures included professional teacher identity, identification with the teacher trainer, and the academic level of the students. Results. Non-parametric tests revealed differences in professional identity levels, identification with the teacher trainer, and the predictive model of professional identity between traditional and non-traditional students. These findings are discussed considering the existing literature