Actualidades en Psicología

Restorative capacity of nature: A scale validation from Ulrich’s aesthetic perception

Resumen Objetivo. El propósito del estudio fue determinar la validez estadística de la Escala de Percepción Estética (EPE) desde la Teoría de la Recuperación de Estrés de Ulrich, en una muestra mexicana. Método. El instrumento se aplicó a 263 participantes entre 18 a 24 años, de los cuales el 76% eran mujeres. Se llevaron a cabo análisis factoriales, redes psicométricas y confiabilidad, además de validez convergente con la Escala de Percepción de Restauración (EPR). Resultados. Se alcanzaron adecuados valores de bondad de ajuste, niveles de consistencia interna y validez. Se identificaron 4 factores con un 54% de la varianza total acumulada. Se discuten los resultados en términos de validez del instrumento y la comparativa entre métodos de análisis.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the statistical validity of the Aesthetic Perception Scale (APS) from Ulrich’s Stress Recovery Theory in a Mexican sample. Method. The instrument was administered to 263 participants aged 18 to 24, of whom 76% were women. Exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, psychometric network analyses, and reliability analyses were conducted. Additionally, the instrument was administered in conjunction with the Restoration Perception Scale (RPS) to assess convergent validity. Results. Adequate goodness-of-fit values, levels of internal consistency, and validity were achieved. Four factors were identified, which explain 54% of the total accumulated variance. Results are discussed in terms of instrument validity and the comparison between analysis methods.

Place Attachment between Public Space, Identity and Citizenship. Case Study about a Chilean Public Square

Resumen Objetivo. Explorar los significados asociados a los usos de una plaza pública en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. Método. Es un estudio cualitativo, con un diseño de estudio de caso. Para la recolección de datos, se aplicaron, en tres etapas sucesivas, entrevistas situadas, observación participante, encuesta online y entrevistas en profundidad a usuarios de la plaza. Participaron del estudio 211 personas con rangos de edad entre los 18 y los 65 años. Resultados. Los principales resultados evidencian que existen diferencias vinculadas a los usos y significados asociados al lugar según género, edad, tiempo de residencia y la tendencia política.

Abstract. Objective. To explore the meanings and uses associated to a public square in the city of Temuco, Chile. Method. It is a qualitative study, with a case study design. For data collection, situated interviews, participant observations, online surveys, and in-depth interviews with users of the square were applied in three successive stages. 211 volunteers between the ages of 18 and 65 participated in the study. Results. The main results show that there are differences linked with the uses of the square and the meanings associated with the place according to gender, age, time of residence and political tendency.

Mothers’ assessment of distance education in the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo. Objetivo. Este estudo objetivou identificar a avaliação de mães acerca da Educação à Distância (EaD) para crianças durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Método. Participaram da pesquisa 425 mães, com idade média de 37,.1 anos (DP = 7,.28). Os dados foram coletados através de um formulário online e processados por meio do software IRaMuTeQ, que permitiu realizar a Análise Prototípica e a Análise de Similitude. Resultados. As análises evidenciaram que as mães consideraram a EaD como uma alternativa emergencial necessária para continuidade do ensino, embora apresente diversas dificuldades para sua efetivação, especialmente na mediação familiar. Em linhas gerais, a maioria avaliou como pouco ou nada adequada a EaD para as crianças

Abstract. Objectives. This study aimed to identify the evaluation of mothers about Distance Education (DE) for children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method. About of 425 mothers participated in the study, with a mean age of 37.1 years (SD =7.28). Results. Data were collected through an online form and processed using the IRaMuTeQ software, which allowed performing Prototypical Analysis and Simulation Analysis. The analyzes showed that the mothers considered distance education as a necessary emergency alternative for the continuity of education, although it presents several difficulties for its effectiveness, especially in family mediation. In general lines, most rated distance education as little or not adequate for children.

Legal actors at Work and Occupational Stress of orensic Health Professionals: Meta-synthesis

Resumo. Objetivo. O objetivo foi descrever como os fatores legais do trabalho se relacionam com o estresse ocupacional dos profissionais de saúde forense. Buscou-se identificar os principais fatores do trabalho que constituem estressores ocupacionais dos profissionais de saúde forense. Método. oi realizada revisão sistemática da literatura com metassíntese, baseada no método Cochrane e PRISMA-P, com onze artigos recuperados entre o período de 1987 a 2020. Resultados. Como resultado, os estressores ocupacionais que afetam os profissionais de saúde forense podem ser divididos em categorias psicológicas, organizacionais e legais. A concepção teórica dos estressores ocupacionais é multifacetada, como a organizacional, psicológica e legal, pois avalia, analisa e enfatiza um desses aspectos dos estressores ocupacionais, a depender da teoria.

Abstract. Objective. The objective was to describe how the legal factors at work relate to the occupational stress of forensic health professionals. We sought to identify the main work factors that constitute occupational stressors for forensic health professionals. Method. A systematic literature review was carried out with meta-synthesis, based on the Cochrane method and PRISMA-P, with eleven articles retrieved between 1987 and 2020. Results. As a result, occupational stressors that affect forensic health professionals can be divided into psychological, organizational, and legal. The theoretical conception of occupational stressors is multifaceted such as organizational, psychological, and legal, as it assesses, analyzes, and emphasizes one of these aspects of occupational stressors, depending on the theory.

Self-efficacy and Motor Skills Acquisition: Systematic Literature Review in Clinical Trials

Resumo. Objetivo. Fornecer uma visão abrangente da literatura, focando na influência da autoeficácia no desempenho e aprendizagem de habilidades motoras em adultos. Método. Revisão sistemática da literatura examinando estudos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane, Scielo, PsycArticles e Pepsic. Foram extraídas as seguintes características dos artigos selecionados: autores e ano de publicação, periódico de publicação, hipótese (variáveis teste e critério), revelou características da amostra e risco de viés através da escala PEDro. Resultados. A análise dos dezesseis estudos revela uma associação positiva entre autoeficácia e desempenho motor, e em alguns estudos, com a aprendizagem. As estratégias utilizadas para influenciar a autoeficácia variaram consideravelmente entre os estudos. Não há consenso sobre a melhor abordagem para influenciar a interpretação desse construto no treinamento de habilidades motoras em adultos

Abstract. Objective.The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature focusing on the influence of self-efficacy on performance and learning of motor skills in adults. Method. A systematic literature review examining studies indexed in PubMed, Cochrane, Scielo, PsycArticles, and Pepsic databases was conducted. The following characteristics were extracted from the selected articles: authors and year of publication, publication journal, hypothesis (predictor and criterion variables), sample characteristics, and risk of bias using the PEDro scale. Results. Analysis of the sixteen studies reveals a positive association between self-efficacy and motor performance, and in some studies, with learning. Strategies used to influence self-efficacy varied considerably among studies. There is no consensus on the best approach to influence the interpretation of this construct in adult motor skills training

Application of a mental imagery protocol for the promotion of implicit learning in university students

Abstract Objective. The improvement of cognitive skills has become an issue of particular interest nowadays. It is still being determined if techniques like mental imagery (MI) could generate cognitive enhancement via modulation of neural brain activity. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the impact of mental imagery on implicit motor learning. Method. To test this hypothesis, an MI protocol was applied to an experimental group before performing an implicit learning (IL) task, while a control group received a sham feedback protocol. In addition, to have empirical evidence of cortical activation during MI, we made an electroencephalographic (EEG) record of motor cortex activity during baseline and during the task associated with IL. Results. The ANCOVA models all together show how the MI protocol does impact the IL process, but not as clearly as expected.

Resumen Objetivo. La mejora de las habilidades cognitivas es un tema de especial interés en la actualidad. Todavía se está determinando si técnicas como la imaginería mental (IM) podrían generar una mejora cognitiva a través de la modulación de la actividad cerebral. El propósito de este estudio fue aportar información sobre el impacto de la imaginería mental en el aprendizaje motor implícito. Método. Se aplicó un protocolo de IM a un grupo experimental antes de realizar una tarea de aprendizaje motor implícito, mientras que un grupo de control recibió realimentación simulada. Además, para tener evidencia empírica de la activación cortical durante la IM, se registró, mediante electroencefalografía, la actividad de la corteza motora durante el inicio y durante la tarea de aprendizaje motor implícito. Resultados. Los modelos ANCOVA muestran cómo el protocolo de IM impacta el proceso de aprendizaje motor implícito, pero no tan claramente como se esperaba.

Emotional response to music perception. A systematic review

Resumen Objetivo. Las reacciones emocionales a la música surgen a partir de la interacción entre las características de la pieza, el oyente y el contexto donde se da la percepción musical. Este trabajo busca indagar el rol de las diferentes características de un evento musical en la inducción emocional. Método. Siguiendo la guía PRISMA 2020, se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos académicas (Redalyc, SciELO, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Taylor & Francis), seleccionando 25 artículos empíricos que plantearan una relación entre una única exposición a música y respuesta psicofisiológica. Resultados. Los artículos revisados sugieren que la cualidad de la respuesta emocional a la música depende principalmente de los aspectos musicales. Sin embargo, los factores personales y contextuales asociados al involucramiento con la experiencia modularían la magnitud de la respuesta.

Abstract. Objective. Emotional reactions to music result from the interaction between the characteristics of the piece, the listener, and the context where musical perception occurs. This work aims to investigate the role of the different characteristics of a musical event in emotional induction. Method. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a search in academic databases (Redalyc, SciELO, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Taylor y Francis) was conducted, selecting 25 empirical articles which propose a relationship between a single exposure to music and psychophysiological response. Results. The reviewed articles suggest that the quality of emotional response to music mainly depends on its musical features, but personal and contextual factors associated with the involvement with the experience would be able to modulate the magnitude of this response.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Positive Emotions Questionnaire on Mexican Children

Resumen Objetivo. Obtener evidencias de validez empírica y de precisión del Cuestionario de Emociones Positivas para niños. Método. Se realizaron dos estudios. El primero evalúa la estructura subyacente de cinco dimensiones con análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y consistencia interna. Tuvo una muestra de 395 participantes de 10 a 13 años de edad (M = 10.96, DT = .72). El segundo pone a prueba el modelo con cuatro y cinco factores mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). Este analiza la validez convergente entre afecto positivo y resiliencia, y divergente entre afecto negativo y estresores cotidianos. Resultados. Se confirma la estructura de cinco factores (X2/df = 3.26, p < .001, CFI = .913, RMR = .069, TLI, = .900, RMSEA = .069) con alta confiabilidad, invarianza factorial y la validez convergente y divergente. Se reportan diferencias entre niños y niñas. Se recomienda continuar con mayor refinamiento del modelo para contar con instrumentos sensibles y relevantes sobre la experiencia emocional positiva en la infancia.

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence of empirical validity and accuracy of the Positive Emotions Questionnaire for Children. Method. The first aspect evaluates the underlying structure of five dimensions with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and internal consistency, with 395 participants aged 10 to 13 years (M = 10.96, SD = .72). The second aspect tests the model with four and five factors with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in another sample of 467 participants (M = 11.19, SD = .76). It analyzes the convergent validity between positive affect and resilience, and divergent validity between negative affect and everyday stressors. Results. The five-factor structure (X²/df = 3.26, p < .001, CFI= .913, RMR= .069, TLI, =.900, RMSEA=.069) is confirmed with high reliability, factorial invariance, and convergent and divergent validity. Differences between boys and girls are reported. Further refinement of the model is recommended to have accurate instruments that measure the positive emotional experience in childhood.

Social Representations of COVID-19 of Mexican Older People: At the Beginning and Two Years After the Pandemic

Resumen Objetivo. Analizar las representaciones sociales (RS) de la COVID-19 en personas mayores mexicanas de Guadalajara, San Luis Potosí y Morelia, al inicio y dos años después de la pandemia. Método. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio cualitativo de dos fases: identificación del contenido y del núcleo central, e identificación de elementos periféricos de las RS. Participaron 49 personas adultas mayores habitantes de las ciudades mencionadas. Resultados. Las RS, al inicio y dos años después de la pandemia, muestran similitudes en el núcleo central con los términos enfermedad, muerte, miedo y confinamiento. Entre las diferencias, destacan el peligro y las emociones negativas en la primera fase y la vacuna y el afrontamiento en la segunda. Ello permite identificar en la segunda fase mayores elementos para el manejo y prevención de la COVID-19.

Abstract Objective. To analyze the COVID-19 social representations (SR) of older Mexican people from Guadalajara, San Luis Potosí and Morelia, at the beginning and two years after the pandemic. Method. A qualitative exploratory study of two phases, identification of the content and the central nucleus and peripheral elements of the SR, was conducted on 49 older adults from the mentioned cities. Results. The SR in the at the beginning and two years after the pandemic show similarities in the central nucleus with the terms disease, death, fear, and confinement. The differences highlight danger and negative emotions in the former; vaccine and coping in the latter. This makes it possible to identify more elements for COVID-19 management and prevention in the second phase.